Flammable Liquids Flashcards

Question

Foam Application Methods (Fixed Facility): Type III:

Answer 1

pg.4 "Type III: Use of master streams and hand line nozzles to deliver finished foam to the burning surface in a manner resulting in some agitation of the surface."

Answer 2

Type I pg.3 "Type I: Obsolete method no longer used in the NOVA region. This type of application was intended to deliver finished foam to burning surface gently and with minimal agitation."

Answer 3

Type III pg.4 "Type III: Use of master streams and hand line nozzles to deliver finished foam to the burning surface in a manner resulting in some agitation of the surface."

Answer 4

2 AR foam units 2 engines 1 pump and roll unit 1 BC 1 hazardous materials assest pg.4 "Foam Task Force: Response consisting of two AR foam units, one pump-and-roll unit, two engines, one battalion chief, and one hazardous materials asset (if not already dispatched)."

Answer 5

in petroleum products gasoline and diesel fuels pg.4 "Hydrocarbon: Organic compound found in petroleum products, containing primarily hydrogen and carbon. Most hydrocarbons are refined from crude oil or have been extracted from vegetable fiber. Typical hydrocarbon fuels include gasoline and diesel fuel."

Answer 6

pg.4 "A substance having a strong affinity for water."

Answer 7

pg.4 "Area where tank vehicles are loaded with product for delivery outside the facility."

Answer 8

pg.4 "Taking no immediate action other than isolating the area until the risk of intervention is reduced to an acceptable level, as operations may transition between offensive and defensive strategies. This operating mode may be used while assembling resources to commence an offensive attack."

Answer 9

pg.4 "Petroleum Distillate: Combustible liquids, including diesel fuel, heating oil, and jet fuel."

Answer 10

Colonial Pipeline and Plantation Pipeline. pg.4 "Pipeline: DOT-regulated carrier of product. The Northern Virginia region is served by two petroleum pipeline companies, Colonial Pipeline and Plantation Pipeline. These pipelines are underground for most of their route."

Answer 11

pg.4 "Pipeline Manifold (Fixed Facility): Piping that incorporates control valves to deliver product from the pipeline to storage tanks."

Answer 12

pg.5 "Polar Solvent: Flammable liquids that mix readily with water. Examples include alcohols, ketones, and lacquers."

Answer 13

pg.5 "Generic term for petroleum fuels."

Answer 14

pg.5 "Pumps, usually located within secondary containment, which deliver product."

Answer 15

airports pg.5 "Pump-and-roll Unit: A self-contained unit that is specifically designed to respond to flammable liquid incidents with in the NOVA region. Units may carry AFFF or AR-AFFF foam. These units are typically found at airports."

Answer 16

flammable liquid incidents pg.5 "Pump-and-roll Unit: A self-contained unit that is specifically designed to respond to flammable liquid incidents with in the NOVA region. Units may carry AFFF or AR-AFFF foam. These units are typically found at airports."

Answer 17

Gasoline in which the composition has been changed to reduce automotive emissions. pg.5 "Reformulated Gasoline (RFG): Gasoline in which the composition has been changed to reduce automotive emissions. RFG has lower levels of volatile compounds and benzene and contains oxygenates such as ether or ethanol. RFG with greater than 10% oxygenate additives reacts more like a polar solvent and should be treated as such."

Answer 18

Small spill pg.5 "Small Spill: A spill occurring from a container or package approximately 55 gallons or less, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large container with a minimum flow. Passenger vehicles with leaking tanks are considered small spill responses."

Answer 19

55 pg.5 "Small Spill: A spill occurring from a container or package approximately 55 gallons or less, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large container with a minimum flow. Passenger vehicles with leaking tanks are considered small spill responses."

Answer 20

exceeding 55 gallons or multiple spills from multiple small packages or containers. pg.5 "Large Spill: A large spill exceeding 55 gallons or multiple spills from multiple small packages or containers. Large spill responses include any incident at or involving pipelines, horizontal tanks, tank farms, or flammable liquid tanker trucks or rail cars."

Answer 21

A system of corrosion protection that uses a small electrical current. pg.5

Answer 22

Cone Roof: A large tank with a fixed steel roof and an exposed product surface within the tank. pg.5

Answer 23

pg.5 ## Footnote "Covered Floating Roof: A large tank that has an external steel roof and an internal floating roof."

Answer 24

pg.5 Double Bottom: A feature of large tanks designed to prevent environmental contamination from a leak at the bottom of the tank. Leak detection equipment is typically provided within the space between the double tank bottoms.

Answer 25

pg.5 "Foam Dam: Fire protection feature installed on some floating roofs to limit foam application to the rim area of the roof."

Answer 26

hooded metal structure on the top edge of a fixed roof tank provides weather protection over vent ports for floating roof tank pg.6 "Eye Brow Vent: A hooded metal structure attached to the exterior top edge of a fixed roof tank, which provides weather protection over the vent ports for an internal floating roof tank."

Answer 27

pg.6 "Geodesic Dome Roof: A lightweight roof type of characteristic design."

Answer 28

pg.6 "Horizontal Tank: An aboveground tank of smaller capacity, typically not more than 30,000 gallons, oriented with the cylinder in a horizontal position. These tanks may be of single or double wall construction. Tanks with single wall construction should be provided with secondary containment."

Answer 29

pg.6 "Open Floating Roof: A large tank that is open at the top but has a roof that floats on top of the product within the tank."

Answer 30

pg.6 "Weak Roof to Shell Seam: A weld that is less strong allowing the roof to blow away in an explosion, exposing the surface of the interior of the tank."

Answer 31

The weight of a vapor compared to the weight of dry air. pg.6 "The weight of a vapor compared to the weight of dry air. Substances lighter than air are said to have vapor densities less than 1.0 and those heavier than air have a vapor density greater than 1.0."

Answer 32

less than 1.0 pg.6 "Substances lighter than air are said to have vapor densities less than 1.0 and those heavier than air have a vapor density greater than 1.0.""

Answer 33

Designed to recover or burn peroleum vapors for enviromental reasons pg.6 "Systems designed to recover or burn petroleum vapors for environmental reasons. Vapors are collected by tank vehicles at the point of delivery and are returned to the bulk petroleum storage facility complex for disposal. Vapor recovery systems return the vapors to liquid state by a process of compression and/or cooling."

Answer 34

1. 0 pg. 6 "Substances lighter than air are said to have vapor densities less than 1.0 and those heavier than air have a vapor density greater than 1.0.""

Answer 35

pg.6 "Specific Gravity: The ratio of the density of a liquid to the density of water."

Answer 36

offensive attack mode, defensive attack mode, and non-intervention mode. pg.7 "There are three operating modes typically used at an incident involving a flammable liquid: offensive attack mode, defensive attack mode, and non-intervention mode."

Answer 37

rescue operations can be quickly achieved, the spill or leak can be quickly contained, or the fire can be quickly extinguished. pg.7 "Offensive attack mode is a commitment of resources to aggressive leak, spill, and fire control objectives. This operating mode is used where additional risk is justified because rescue operations can be quickly achieved, the spill or leak can be quickly contained, or the fire can be quickly extinguished."

Answer 38

the benefit of offensive attack is not worth the risk involved, but where other actions can be taken to mitigate the hazard or protect exposures pg.8 "The defensive attack mode uses available resources to achieve less aggressive objectives, such as limiting the overall size or spread of the problem. This operating mode is used where the benefit of offensive attack is not worth the risk involved, but where other actions can be taken to mitigate the hazard or protect exposures."

Answer 39

taking no immediate action other than isolating the area until the risk of intervention is reduced to an acceptable level pg.8 "Non-intervention mode means taking no immediate action other than isolating the area until the risk of intervention is reduced to an acceptable level so that operations may transition to offensive or defensive strategies. This operating mode may be used while assembling resources to commence an offensive attack. Consideration must be given to the use of the non-intervention mode particularly when dealing with ethanol fires or large-scale incidents, such as a rail car fire, until appropriate resources are available."

Answer 40

detection equipment, binoculars, and thermal imager. pg.8 "The first engine company should perform reconnaissance (recon) of the suspected hazard area for leak/spill/fire. Recon teams should be equipped with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), detection equipment, binoculars, and thermal imager. The recon team must comply with the two-in/two-out rule."

Answer 41

* size up * contact responsible party or facilities representative * determin situation/actions taken prior to arrival * During on-scene report confirm stagin + inital assignments to arriving units * Complete recon/report findings/recommendations for operating mode and initial isolation zone pg.8 "The first engine company shall perform the initial size-up and identify any obvious life hazards. During the size-up, note any visual indicators of hazards, such as smoke, vapor clouds, active leaks, or odors. The first engine should initiate hazard protection for life safety and rescue measures if deemed necessary. The first engine company should make contact with the responsible party or the facility representative, determine the current situation, and ask about any actions taken prior to arrival of fire department personnel. When delivering the on-scene report, the first engine company officer (initial Incident Commander) must confirm staging area and make initial assignments to units arriving on the scene. The first engine company should perform reconnaissance (recon) of the suspected hazard area for leak/spill/fire. Recon teams should be equipped with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), detection equipment, binoculars, and thermal imager. The recon team must comply with the two-in/two-out rule."

Answer 42

pg.8  Is there any life hazard?  What is the product type? Is it flammable or combustible? Is it a hydrocarbon or polar solvent? Refer to Emergency Response Guidebook.  Is the product still leaking? If so, what is the flow rate of the leak?  Can the leak be controlled?  How much has been spilled?  What is the approximate surface area of the spill or fire?  What is the total potential spill?  Is the spill or fire contained?  Where is the product going?  For a spill, are any potential ignitions sources present?  For fires and spills, what are the primary and secondary exposures?  Is the area secure from unauthorized entry?

Answer 43

* Situation report from IC/Assume Command * assemble essential staff +facility assistance 2 support unified command * Risk assessment/life safety considerations/exposures pg.9 "The first-arriving battalion chief should obtain the situation report from the initial IC and assume command of the incident. He or she should then assemble essential staff and facility assistance to support unified command. A key role of the first battalion chief is to perform the risk assessment for fire department personnel and review life safety considerations and potential exposures for civilian personnel on site." Based on the initial size-up, the following items should be considered:  The need for greater alarms,  Establishing an operating mode for the incident and the creation of a plan for continued operations,  Ensure specialized needs and resources for the incident are enroute, to include apparatus with portable folding tanks for remote foam fill/draft sites,  EMS support,  Deployment of units from the staging area, and  Scene security and safety. The battalion chief should also confirm with facility representatives the level to which emergency plans have been initiated.

Answer 44

PG.9 "water supply should be a high-priority consideration during any flammable liquids emergency."

Answer 45

pg.9 "For flammable liquids emergency incidents involving fixed facilities such as distribution centers, storage facilities, and other commercial manufacturing or storage facilities, municipal water supplies or onsite commercial water supplies should be used. These systems were engineered so that potential releases and or fires could be controlled and or contained within the facility boundaries."

Answer 46

supply should be able to flow at least 1000 gpm of finished product per unit flowing product pg.10 "The rule of thumb when developing your water supply plan is that the supply should be able to flow at least 1000 GPM of finished product per unit flowing product."

Answer 47

third due engine officer or second due battalion chief. pg.10 "The IC should establish a water supply group or officer in the initial stages of the incident. This responsibility should be given to the third due engine officer or to the second due battalion chief."

Answer 48

PG.10" When an incident occurs on a limited-access highway or in a rural area, water supply must take a higher priority. During these incidents the strategies and tactics described in the Water Supply for Suburban and Rural Firefighting manual should be used. Early activation of a tanker task force, even during the initial dispatch would be beneficial and is encouraged as it allows for sufficient water to arrive faster in case a quick knock down or life safety issue is present."

Answer 49

3000 ft of 7 inch LDH pg.10 "Other resources available to the IC are the availability of large-diameter hose (LDH) trailers. Dulles International Airport has a trailer which carries 3000 feet of 7-inch LDH"

Answer 50

900 ft of 5 inch LDH on the foam nozzle trailer 1000 ft on the foam pump trailer pg.10 "the City of Fairfax carries 900 feet of 5-inch LDH on the foam nozzle trailer and 1000 feet on the foam pump trailer."

Answer 51

Hydrocarbons and Polar solvents pg.10 "The two main types of product that may be dealt with are hydrocarbons and polar solvents. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon and are found primarily in petroleum products and coal. Most hydrocarbons are a byproduct of crude oil or have been extracted from vegetable fiber. Typical hydrocarbon fuels include gasoline and diesel fuel. Polar solvents are products of distillation that are water soluble. As a result, polar solvents have an attraction to water and controlling spills and fires of this product necessitate the use of special types of foams. Examples or polar solvents include alcohols (such as ethanol), ketones, and lacquers. Hydrocarbons and polar solvents may be further classified as flammable or combustible. Flammable liquids are those having a flash point below 100 degrees Fahrenheit (37.78 degrees C) and having a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 psi absolute. Combustible liquids have a flash point above 100 degrees Fahrenheit (37.78 degrees C) and below 200 degrees Fahrenheit (93.33 Celsius)."

Answer 52

gasoline in which the composition has been changed to reduce automotive emissions. reacts more like a polar solvent and should be treated as such. pg.11 "Reformulated gasoline (RFG) is gasoline in which the composition has been changed to reduce automotive emissions. RFG has lower levels of volatile compounds and benzene, and contains oxygenates such as ether, methanol or ethanol. RFG with greater than 10% oxygenate additives reacts more like a polar solvent and should be treated as such."

Answer 53

Alcohol-Resistant (AR) foam. Ethanol fuels are water soluble and will blend with water so foam is recommended for extinguishment. pg.11 "The addition of ethanol to gasoline presents some unique firefighting challenges. Traditional methods of firefighting against hydrocarbon (gasoline) fires have been found to be ineffective against these polar solvent-type (ethanol-blended) fuels. While gasoline will tend to float on top of water, ethanol fuels are water soluble and will tend to blend with the water. For this reason, the use of Alcohol-Resistant (AR) foam as a means of extinguishing an ethanol fire is recommended"

Answer 54

E-10 (10 percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline may be labeled RFG or oxygenated gasoline pg.11 "Ethanol-blended fuels may include blends of gasoline and ethanol in any ratio, but presently there are three common ethanol-blended fuels. Most common is E-10 (10 percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline) which may be labeled as RFG or oxygenated gasoline."

Answer 55

85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline pg.12 "E-85 (85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline) is sold into a developing market as a retail blend for Flexible- Fuel Vehicles (FFV) only."

Answer 56

pg.12 "ethanol that has been denatured with 5 percent unleaded gasoline"

Answer 57

pg.12 "While ethanol has been consistently blended at the 5.7 percent and 7.7 percent level in California, it is more frequently blended at the 10 percent level by volume across the United States."

Answer 58

55 degrees pg.12 "Pure ethanol is a polar solvent that is water-soluble and has a 55°F flash point. Ethanol has a vapor density of 1.59, which indicates that it is heavier than air. Consequently, ethanol vapors do not rise, similar to vapors from gasoline, which seek lower altitudes. Ethanol’s specific gravity is 0.79, which indicates it is lighter than water but since it is water-soluble (hydrophilic) it will thoroughly mix with water. Ethanol has an auto-ignition temperature of 793°F and a boiling point of 173°F. Ethanol is less toxic than gasoline or methanol. Carcinogenic compounds are not present in pure ethanol."

Answer 59

1. 59 pg. 12 "Pure ethanol is a polar solvent that is water-soluble and has a 55°F flash point. Ethanol has a vapor density of 1.59, which indicates that it is heavier than air. Consequently, ethanol vapors do not rise, similar to vapors from gasoline, which seek lower altitudes. Ethanol’s specific gravity is 0.79, which indicates it is lighter than water but since it is water-soluble (hydrophilic) it will thoroughly mix with water. Ethanol has an auto-ignition temperature of 793°F and a boiling point of 173°F. Ethanol is less toxic than gasoline or methanol. Carcinogenic compounds are not present in pure ethanol."

Answer 60

3.3 percent 19 percent pg.12 "Like gasoline, ethanol’s greatest hazard as a motor fuel component is its flammability. It has a wider flammable range than gasoline: the lower explosive limit (LEL) is 3.3 percent and the upper explosive limit (UEL) is 19 percent. In a pure form, ethanol does not produce visible smoke and has a hard-to-see blue flame. In a denatured form there is little to no smoke, but a slight orange flame may be visible"

Answer 61

no pg.13 "ethanol and some ethanol blends can conduct electricity while gasoline does not and is considered an electrical insulator."

Answer 62

PG.13 "Higher concentrations of ethanol produce less black smoke and decreased visible flame color. Another noticeable difference of ethanol-blended fuels under fire conditions is that when foam or water has been flowed on the burning product, the gasoline will tend to burn off first, eventually leaving the less volatile ethanol/water solution which may have no visible flame or smoke."

Answer 63

by rail pg.13 "The majority of the fuel ethanol (E-95) is transported from the production facilities to the storage depots by rail. Storage depots that do not have rail access receive E-95 by road tankers. There is some transfer of fuel ethanol from rail tanks directly to road tankers called trans-loading."

Answer 64

Pg.14 "Note: Due to catastrophic failure occurring in past incidents, it cannot be emphasized enough that in an incident involving an ethanol carrier and fire, the declaration and use of the non-intervention mode while maintaining maximum safe distances is imperative. Assembling appropriate resources and protecting exposures must become the main objectives."

Answer 65

pg.14 "R-type foams must be applied to ethanol fires using Type II (fixed foam chambers) gentle application techniques. For responding emergency services, this will mean directing the foam stream onto a vertical surface and allowing it to run down onto the fuel. Direct application to the fuel surface will likely be ineffective unless the fuel depth is very shallow (i.e., 0.25 inches or less)."

Answer 66

1 pg.14 "AFFF-type foams require approximately 1 gallon per minute (gpm) foam solution flow for every 10 square feet of burning surface on a hydrocarbon-type fuel. Ethanol-blended fuels require approximately double that flow (2 gpm/10 square feet) of an AR-type foam solution for products not in depth. For ethanol-blended fuels in depth the required foam flow will be 3 gpm/10 square feet."

Answer 67

2 3 pg.14 "AFFF-type foams require approximately 1 gallon per minute (gpm) foam solution flow for every 10 square feet of burning surface on a hydrocarbon-type fuel. Ethanol-blended fuels require approximately double that flow (2 gpm/10 square feet) of an AR-type foam solution for products not in depth. For ethanol-blended fuels in depth the required foam flow will be 3 gpm/10 square feet."

Answer 68

doubling their application rate pg.15 "When uncertain as to whether the fire encountered is an alcohol- or ethanol-blended fuel, fire departments may want to consider doubling their application rate (gpm) ability since ethanol-blended fuels require a higher rate of flow, keeping in mind that increasing the flow rate also increases water requirements."

Answer 69

pg.15 "AR foams are effective on both alcohol fires and hydrocarbon fires."

Answer 70

* 1 engine company w/atmospheric monitoring * consider hazmat response * If spill ignites, request a Foam Task Force pg.16  One engine company with atmospheric monitoring capabilities.  The engine company officer should consider a hazardous materials response (per jurisdictional guidelines).  If spill ignites, a Foam Task Force (FTF) (two AR foam units, one pump-and-roll unit, two engines, one battalion chief, and one hazardous materials asset if not already dispatched) should be requested.

Answer 71

2 ar foam units 2 engines 1 bc 1 hazardous materials asset 1 pump and roll unit pg.16  One engine company with atmospheric monitoring capabilities.  The engine company officer should consider a hazardous materials response (per jurisdictional guidelines).  If spill ignites, a Foam Task Force (FTF) (two AR foam units, one pump-and-roll unit, two engines, one battalion chief, and one hazardous materials asset if not already dispatched) should be requested.  One engine company with atmospheric monitoring capabilities.  The engine company officer should consider a hazardous materials response (per jurisdictional guidelines).  If spill ignites, a Foam Task Force (FTF) (two AR foam units, one pump-and-roll unit, two engines, one battalion chief, and one hazardous materials asset if not already dispatched) should be requested. Large Spills

Answer 72

pipelines, horizontal tanks, tank farms, flammable liuuid tanker trucks or rail car pg.16 "Large spill responses include any incident at or involving pipelines, horizontal tanks, tank farms, or flammable liquid tanker trucks or rail cars."

Answer 73

* 4 engines * 2 specialty units – one must be an aerial device * 2 EMS units * 1 battalion chief * 1 command aide * 1 EMS supervisor * 1 Foam Task Force (FTF) * A hazardous material response pg. 16 4 engines  2 specialty units – one must be an aerial device  2 EMS units  1 battalion chief  1 command aide  1 EMS supervisor  1 Foam Task Force (FTF) (two AR foam units, one pump-and-roll unit, two engines, one battalion chief, and one hazardous materials asset if not already dispatched)  A hazardous material response (based on jurisdictional requirements)

Answer 74

Tanker task force pg.16 "Incident Commanders should request a tanker task force response in non-hydrant areas."

Answer 75

* assemble resources/extinguish fire w/Class B foam. * for combustible liquids extinguish fire w/water fog * protect exposures + allow fuel to burn itself out. * dike un-ignited leak and spills at a safe location. cover liquid w/foam to suppress/control vapors pg. 17 1. First, assemble the resources and extinguish the fire with Class B foam. Be sure an adequate foam and water supply is available before initiating the attack. Blended alcohol fuels will require an AR foam concentrate. 2. Second, for combustible liquids, extinguish the fire with water fog when it can be done without creating environmental problems with the runoff. Large, hot fires of combustible liquids (such as tank trucks) will require foam application for timely extinguishments. 3. Third, protect adjacent exposures, and allow the fuel to burn itself out. If the incident occurs in a rural area, obtaining sufficient water can be a problem. Develop plans for sustaining water supplies with fire department vehicles or large-diameter hose relays along major roads and expressways. 4. And lastly, un-ignited leaks and spills should be diked immediately at a safe location and the liquid covered with foam to suppress and control the flammable vapors. Remove all ignition sources.

Answer 76

uphill/upwind pg.17 "While en route, responders should plan to approach only from the uphill/upwind direction if possible."

Answer 77

Ethanol-based pg.18 "There is a great likelihood that an over the road transport vehicle will carry an ethanol-based product. Since both gasoline and ethanol-blended fuels have very similar physical and chemical characteristics, they will be transported in the same general types of containers and tanks. The most prevalent style of transport of the blended fuels that emergency responders will encounter will be by MC-306 and Department of Transportation (DOT)-406 style road tankers, Figure 3. These tankers are non-pressurized and have a capacity up to 9,000 gallons. Depending on the types of product being carried, the tanker is divided into compartments."

Answer 78

underside pg.18 "The MC306/DOT406 has outlets on the underside of the trailer for on- and off-loading the product. In addition to the outlets on the bottom, pressure and vacuum relief devices will be the same as those that are currently found on gasoline-style transport takers. The valve is internal to the tanks with breakaway piping, remote shut-off controls, and vapor recovery systems. Vents and caps can fail or leak as a result of rollover accidents."

Answer 79

Non-intervention mode, while maintaining a safe distance. pg.18 "Due to catastrophic failure occurring in past incidents, it cannot be emphasized enough that in the instance of an incident involving an ethanol carrier and fire that the declaration and use of the non-intervention mode while maintaining maximum safe distances is imperative. Assembling appropriate resources and protecting exposures must become the objectives if there are no immediate life safety hazards. Rescues must be performed only after a risk vs. benefit analysis has been performed."

Answer 80

AR-AFFF finished foam. AR-AFFF unit pg.18 "Since there is a good chance that an MC306/DOT406 style road tanker will carry an ethanol- based product, the suggested primary attack is with an AR-AFFF finished foam. The preferred method of attack would be the use of an AR-AFFF unit. The AFFF pump-and-roll unit would remain as RIT or back up to the AR-AFFF. If life rescue is necessary, the pump-and-roll unit is capable and can function as the attack unit in a limited role. Initial actions include rescuing occupants of vehicles (body recovery can wait) and protecting exposures."

Answer 81

uphill + upwind pg.19 "Since there is a good chance that an MC306/DOT406 style road tanker will carry an ethanol- based product, the suggested primary attack is with an AR-AFFF finished foam. The preferred method of attack would be the use of an AR-AFFF unit. The AFFF pump-and-roll unit would remain as RIT or back up to the AR-AFFF. If life rescue is necessary, the pump-and-roll unit is capable and can function as the attack unit in a limited role. Initial actions include rescuing occupants of vehicles (body recovery can wait) and protecting exposures."

Answer 82

pg.20 Ascertain type of incident: fire, spill, fire with spill.  From a distance (500 feet) use binoculars to look for placards or other warnings and the product name or number on the tractor or trailer.  Get information from people on the scene (driver, eyewitnesses, shipping papers or other identifying paperwork).  Determine scope of incident: number of involved vehicles and/or people affected.  Determine best scene access.  Determine water supply.  Pay extra concern to exposures. Allow the tanker truck to burn and assign units cool/protect the exposures.  Remember that the tractor or uninvolved portion of a multi-unit (tractor trailer or multiple trailers with a single tractor) is an important exposure. It may be necessary to disconnect the tractor or unhitch a trailer and remove it from exposure. Diking around the vehicle or damming a drainage ditch may be required to limit a running-spill fire.  Use master streams or other unmanned heavy caliber streams to keep suppression resources remote.  Attack from high ground with the wind at your back, checking for any overhead wires and coordinating streams so they do not oppose each other. Flush the fire away from exposures and into less hazardous areas. If agent is limited, use it to protect exposures. Agent that runs off is wasted. Do not wash away foam blankets with water streams.

Answer 83

* Service rail cars - (\<100psi) * High-pressure rail cars - (100-600psi) pg.21 "Flammable liquids will be found most often in general service rail cars (\<100psi), Figure 5 and Figure 6, though some may be transported in a high-pressure rail car (100-600 psi). General service rail cars will carry approximately 30,000 gallons of product, will be bottom loaded and unloaded, and have pressure and vacuum relief devices similar as those currently found on highway tanker trucks."

Answer 84

30,000 gallons of product pg.21 "Flammable liquids will be found most often in general service rail cars (\<100psi), Figure 5 and Figure 6, though some may be transported in a high-pressure rail car (100-600 psi). General service rail cars will carry approximately 30,000 gallons of product, will be bottom loaded and unloaded, and have pressure and vacuum relief devices similar as those currently found on highway tanker trucks."

Answer 85

8,000-9,000 pg.22 The important factor to remember is that though there are approximately 30,000 gallons of product in a single DOT 111 General Service Rail Tank Car compared to 8,000-9,000 gallons in the MC306/DOT406 highway tanker truck, the four tactical approaches do not change for the single rail tank car placarded as carrying flammable liquids that is on fire:  Assemble the resources and extinguish the fire with Class B foam.  Extinguish combustible fires with a water fog so long as runoff is not an issue.  Protect adjacent exposures (this may and should include other tank cars).  Un-ignited leaks should be diked immediately at a safe location.

Answer 86

* Gather resources/extinguish fire w/class B foam * Extinguish combustible fires w/water fog * Protect exposures * Dike Uniignted leaks at a safe location pg.22 The important factor to remember is that though there are approximately 30,000 gallons of product in a single DOT 111 General Service Rail Tank Car compared to 8,000-9,000 gallons in the MC306/DOT406 highway tanker truck, the four tactical approaches do not change for the single rail tank car placarded as carrying flammable liquids that is on fire:  Assemble the resources and extinguish the fire with Class B foam.  Extinguish combustible fires with a water fog so long as runoff is not an issue.  Protect adjacent exposures (this may and should include other tank cars).  Un-ignited leaks should be diked immediately at a safe location.

Answer 87

E-95 pg.22 "E-95 has now become the leading single hazardous material transported by rail,"

Answer 88

no, but it is combustible. pg.23 "Though diesel is not considered a flammable liquid it is a combustible liquid and you may find fire at the locomotive itself that will require extinguishment. The principles remain the same- use Class B foam and perform containment tactics. Hit the emergency fuel stop on either side of the locomotive if in absence of train official to perform task for you. Chock wheels as with any rail car. The diesel fuel tank is going to be found on the under-belly of the locomotive approximately midway from front or rear"

Answer 89

2 miles forward in each direction pg.25 Set Up  Establish and maintain command until relieved.  Declare an operational mode: offensive, defensive, non-intervention.  Establish a staging area.  Set-up flaggers per jurisdiction’s SOP’s two miles forward in each direction.  Set up scene access and egress.  Set up a perimeter using fire line tape or other means.  Establish an isolated holding area for personnel or victims who become contaminated.

Answer 90

The Metropolitan Washington Airport Authority (MWAA) pg.26 "The Metropolitan Washington Airport Authority (MWAA) has jurisdiction over any aircraft events on airport property, and will automatically respond to any event known to be within five miles of either Dulles International Airport or Reagan National Airport. They can be requested for any downed aircraft event, regardless of location and/or jurisdiction on a mutual aid basis."

Answer 91

* Large spill resources * Consider pump-and-roll foam units pg.26 "The resources required for the management of a downed aircraft off airport property includes the resources for a large spill (as outlined earlier in the manual) in addition to EMS resources per jurisdictional requirements. The Incident Commander should consider more pump-and-roll foam units based on the topography of the crash scene."

Answer 92

Load and Age. pg.27 "The two primary factors for transformer fires are load and age. Faults caused by insulation breakdown and the presence of gas or water in the oil will eventually lead to a failure. Once a transformer experiences a fault condition, there is usually enough energy to cause a mechanical failure leading to an oil release. When there are internal maintenance problems, pressure builds and the transformer can rupture along a seam resulting in an oil leak."

Answer 93

PG.27 "foam should not be applied to energized electrical equipment. Always assume that electrical equipment is energized and dangerous until the power company advises that it is safe."

Answer 94

PG.27 "A small fire may be able to be quickly knocked down with a dry chemical extinguisher prior to the power being shut down if absolutely necessary."

Answer 95

* Hazardous materials * foam task force and use of Purple K for extinguishment pg.27 "Larger transformer incidents may require the response of a hazardous materials unit as well as a foam task force and the use of Purple K for extinguishment."

Answer 96

Pg.27/28 "Though the use of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) is now negligible, and there are several NOVA establishments that have registered the use of PCB-filled transformers and generators. Some unlabeled, unregistered transformers may also still be found. Consideration should be made to evaluate for their presence; use preplanning and look for labels. If PCBs are suspected, request hazardous materials support. Protect from all routes of exposure and wear appropriate PPE to include SCBA. It is absolutely imperative that PCBs and any runoff be prevented from entering drains, waterways, etc. Small amounts can be absorbed with kitty litter and treated as hazardous waste. Though PCBs are not considered flammable they are able to burn and will produce extremely toxic smoke. Refer to the ERG for evacuation distances when PCBs are suspected to be involved in a fire."

Answer 97

Large spill response pg.29 "The resources required for the management of a pipeline rupture or fire is a large spill response."

Answer 98

pg.31 * Life safety * Incident stabilization/prtecting the environment * Property conservation

Answer 99

pg.35 "When a finished foam blanket has been applied within the rescue area, a second foam hand line shall be used to reseal the fuel surface and maintain vapor suppression while the rescue group is in transit."

Answer 100

pg.36 "At a minimum, the team or group tasked to establish the hot zone for incident operation and exposure identification shall use two monitors capable of displaying numerical values as a percentage of the lower and upper explosive limits."

Answer 101

pg.38 "Spills of petroleum products are normally long, drawn out operations that may easily last several days."

Answer 102

pg.39  Never approach from the end of the vehicle.  Attempt to bank the finished foam off the vehicle tank if other application methods are not producing results during application.  Extinguish all ground fires before concentrating on any fire associated with the tanker.

Answer 103

* fixedroofseither cone, dome, or relatively flat * Tanks \>50ft require a weak roof to shell seam pg.44 "Cone/fixed roof type of tanks have fixed roofs that are either cone, dome or relatively flat by design, Figure 17. Any tank greater than 50 feet in diameter is required to have a weak roof-to- shell seam. In the event of an internal explosion, the roof is designed to peel back or blow off, leaving the surface of the petroleum liquid exposed. Due to the various vapor pressures of flammable and combustible liquids, cone roof tanks also have pressure/vacuum vents located on the roof to balance internal and external pressures."

Answer 104

the vapor/air mixture within the tank is within the flammable range. pg.44 "Snapping blue-red and nearly smokeless flames indicate the vapor/air mixture within the tank is within the flammable range. As long as the tank is breathing out through the pressure vent, the flame cannot flash back into the tank due to the positive and high pressure vapor flow through the opening."

Answer 105

* Cooling water to lower tank temp and vapor pressure * Simultaneous water and dry chem application pg.45 General strategies and tactics to manage a tank vent fire could include:  Application of cooling water to lower the internal tank temperature and vapor pressure sufficiently to allow the vent to reset and extinguish the fire automatically.  Simultaneous application of water via hose streams and dry chemical extinguishing agent. The method is tactically referred to as a hydro-chem application method.

Answer 106

the vapor/air mixture is above the flammable range. pg.45 "Vent fires burning with a yellow-orange flame and emitting black smoke indicate the vapor/air mixture is above the flammable range."

Answer 107

15 pg.51 "Horizontal and vertical tanks are typically designed to American Petroleum Institute (API) standards. These tanks handle internal pressures that do not exceed 15 psig and are intended to hold liquids or vapors. The tanks are cylindrical in shape with top and bottom ends for vertical tanks and two ends for horizontal tanks. Horizontal tanks are normally mounted on concrete supports, but some older storage tanks are mounted on structural steel"

Answer 108

1. Vent fire w/no associated spill of product 2. fire because of overfilling pg.52 "The first problem is a vent fire with no associated spill of product and the second is a fire resulting from overfilling. In a vent fire with no associated spill of product, the fire may burn lazily above and around the vent or with some intensity depending on the liquid’s temperature, the liquid’s vapor pressure, wind speed, and direction. The most important tactical issue with a vent fire involving a low pressure horizontal or vertical tank is keeping the upper portion of the exposed tank shell cool with adequate water flow until such time as the fire can be extinguished."

Answer 109

* Type 1- Obsolete, not used in NOVA. * Type 2- subsurface or topside, delivers foam to surface of burning liquid w/little agitation. * Type 3 - Master streams/hand lines to the burning surface. some agitation. pg.60 * Type I – Obsolete; not used in NOVA region. This type of application was intended to deliver finished foam to burning surface gently and with minimal agitation. * Type II – Fixed and Semi fixed foam outlet, either subsurface or topside, designed to- deliver finished foam to surface of burning liquid with restricted agitation. * Type III - Use of master streams and hand line nozzles to deliver finished foam to the burning surface in a manner that results in some agitation of the surface.

Answer 110

Bank-down method. pg.61 "In the bank-down method (deflect) direct the foam stream off an object that is elevated above the spill, and allow finished foam to run down onto the surface of the fuel. Bank finished foam off a wall, support column, vehicle, or any other similar object in the area of the spill. It may be necessary to direct the foam stream off various points around the spill area to achieve total coverage, Figure 26. This method of application is preferred for use with Ethanol fuel fires."

Answer 111

pg.61 "In the rain-down (raindrop) method, direct the foam stream into the air above the spill and allow finished foam to float gently down onto the surface of the fuel, Figure 27. Sweep the foam stream back and forth over the entire surface of the spill until it is completely covered. This method of attack should be used on small area spills and fires."

Answer 112

pg.60 "One method of application is the roll-on or bounce method. In this method, direct the foam stream on the ground near the front edge of the spill so finished foam rolls across the surface of the fuel. Continue applying finished foam until it is spread across the entire surface of the spill, Figure 25."

Flammable Liquids Flashcards

(141 cards)