flashcards_medical_review

Question 1

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Answer 1

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Question 2

What is the ideal range for Urea/BUN?

Answer 2

2.5-6.5 mmol/L

Question 3

What does high Urea/BUN indicate?

Answer 3

Kidney dysfunction, dehydration, high protein intake

Question 4

What does low Urea/BUN indicate?

Answer 4

Liver disease, overhydration

Question 5

What is the ideal range for Creatinine?

Answer 5

60-120 µmol/L

Question 6

What does high Creatinine indicate?

Answer 6

Kidney impairment

Question 7

What does low Creatinine indicate?

Answer 7

Low muscle mass, malnutrition

Question 8

What is the ideal eGFR value?

Answer 8

> 90 mL/min

Question 9

What does low eGFR indicate?

Answer 9

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Question 10

What is the ideal Sodium range?

Answer 10

135-145 mmol/L

Question 11

Symptoms of Hyponatremia (low sodium)?

Answer 11

Headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures, fatigue, muscle weakness

Question 12

Symptoms of Hypernatremia (high sodium)?

Answer 12

Thirst, confusion, muscle twitching, seizures, coma

Question 13

What is the ideal Potassium range?

Answer 13

3.5-5.0 mmol/L

Question 14

Symptoms of Hypokalemia (low potassium)?

Answer 14

Muscle weakness, cramps, fatigue, constipation, arrhythmias, respiratory depression

Question 15

Symptoms of Hyperkalemia (high potassium)?

Answer 15

Muscle weakness, paralysis, arrhythmias, bradycardia, cardiac arrest

Question 16

What is the ideal Calcium range?

Answer 16

2.2-2.6 mmol/L

Question 17

Symptoms of Hypocalcemia (low calcium)?

Answer 17

Muscle cramps, tetany, numbness or tingling, seizures, arrhythmias

Question 18

Symptoms of Hypercalcemia (high calcium)?

Answer 18

Nausea, vomiting, constipation, fatigue, confusion, muscle weakness, kidney stones, arrhythmias

Question 19

What is the ideal Magnesium range?

Answer 19

0.7-1.0 mmol/L

Question 20

Symptoms of Hypomagnesemia (low magnesium)?

Answer 20

Muscle cramps, tremors, confusion, seizures, arrhythmias, dizziness

Question 21

Symptoms of Hypermagnesemia (high magnesium)?

Answer 21

Nausea, vomiting, hypotension, respiratory depression, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest

Question 22

What is the ideal Chloride range?

Answer 22

98-107 mmol/L

Question 23

Symptoms of Hypochloremia (low chloride)?

Answer 23

Muscle weakness, breathing difficulties, metabolic alkalosis, confusion, tremors

Question 24

Symptoms of Hyperchloremia (high chloride)?

Answer 24

Hyperventilation, confusion, lethargy, metabolic acidosis

Question 25

What is the ideal Bicarbonate range?

Answer 25

22-28 mmol/L

Question 26

Symptoms of low Bicarbonate?

Answer 26

Respiratory distress, confusion, fatigue, rapid breathing

Question 27

Symptoms of high Bicarbonate?

Answer 27

Slow breathing, confusion, muscle twitching

Question 28

What is the normal range for Hemoglobin (M/F)?

Answer 28

M: 13.5-17.5 g/dL, F: 11.5-15.5 g/dL

Question 29

What is the normal range for Red Cell Count (M/F)?

Answer 29

M: 4.5×10¹²/L, F: 3.9×10¹²/L

Question 30

What is the normal Hematocrit/PCV?

Answer 30

0.4-0.5

Question 31

What is the normal MCV?

Answer 31

80-96 fL

Question 32

What is the normal MCHC?

Answer 32

30-36 g/dL

Question 33

What is the normal RDW?

Answer 33

11-15%

Question 34

What is the normal ESR?

Answer 34

<20 mm/hr

Question 35

What is the normal Platelet Count?

Answer 35

150×10⁹-400×10⁹/L

Question 36

What is the normal Reticulocyte %?

Answer 36

0.5-2.5%

Question 37

What is the normal WCC?

Answer 37

4×10⁹-11×10⁹/L

Question 38

Normal Neutrophil %?

Answer 38

40-70%

Question 39

Normal Lymphocyte %?

Answer 39

20-40%

Question 40

Normal Monocyte %?

Answer 40

2-10%

Question 41

Normal Eosinophil %?

Answer 41

1-5%

Question 42

Normal Basophil %?

Answer 42

0.5-1%

Question 43

What is the normal Albumin range?

Answer 43

35-50 g/L

Question 44

What does low Albumin indicate?

Answer 44

Liver disease, nephrotic syndrome

Question 45

What is the normal Bilirubin range?

Answer 45

<21 µmol/L

Question 46

What is the normal AST and ALT range?

Answer 46

0-40 U/L

Question 47

What is the normal ALP range?

Answer 47

30-130 U/L

Question 48

What is the normal GGT range?

Answer 48

8-38 U/L

Question 49

What is the normal blood pH?

Answer 49

7.35-7.45

Question 50

What is the normal pCO₂?

Answer 50

4.5-6 kPa

Question 51

What is the normal HCO₃⁻?

Answer 51

21-28 mmol/L

Question 52

Cockcroft-Gault equation for CrCl (males)?

Answer 52

[(140 - age) × weight (kg)] / (72 × serum creatinine)

Question 53

Cockcroft-Gault equation for CrCl (females)?

Answer 53

Multiply male CrCl by 0.85

Question 54

IBW equation for males?

Answer 54

50 + (2.3 × (height in inches - 60))

Question 55

IBW equation for females?

Answer 55

45.5 + (2.3 × (height in inches - 60))

Question 56

Adjusted Body Weight equation?

Answer 56

IBW + 0.4 × (Actual Weight - IBW)

Question 57

What does low MCV indicate?

Answer 57

Microcytic anemia

Question 58

What does high MCV indicate?

Answer 58

Macrocytic anemia

Question 59

What does low MCHC indicate?

Answer 59

Hypochromic anemia

Question 60

What does high MCHC indicate?

Answer 60

Spherocytosis, hemolysis