General overview of latter half of first half Flashcards
(18 cards)
What are the steps in the scientific method?
Define a question, gather information, make a hypothesis, perform experiments, analyze data, share results, retest hypothesis.
How does a theory differ from a hypothesis?
A hypothesis is an untested assumption; a theory is a principle supported by evidence from experiments.
What is the difference between a null and alternative hypothesis?
A null hypothesis states no effect; an alternative hypothesis suggests there is an effect.
What is inductive reasoning?
Generalizing from specific observations to broader generalizations.
What is deductive reasoning?
Applying a general principle to reach a specific conclusion.
Why do people struggle with understanding risk statistics?
Due to difficulties with percentages, numerical literacy, and interpreting relative vs absolute risk.
How should risk information be presented?
Using natural frequencies, absolute risk, positive/negative framing, and visual aids as per NICE guidance.
What is the difference between absolute and relative risk?
Absolute risk shows actual likelihood; relative risk compares risk levels.
What is System 1 thinking?
Fast, intuitive, and based on pattern recognition.
What is System 2 thinking?
Slow, logical, and analytical thinking.
What are common cognitive biases in clinical decision making?
Fixation, confirmation, availability, anchoring, representativeness.
What is Bayesian reasoning?
Updating probability estimates based on new evidence and prior probability (base rate).
What is the definition of evidence-based medicine?
Integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values.
What is the PICO framework?
Patient/Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome.
What are the steps of EBM?
Formulate question, find best evidence, appraise evidence, apply to patient.
What type of study provides the strongest evidence?
Meta-analysis of RCTs.
What percentage of values lie within 2 SDs in a normal distribution?
0.95
What is the central limit theorem?
Sample means approximate a normal distribution as sample size increases.
