Foot And Ankle Region Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
Name the 7 functions of the ankle joint
A
Gives a stable base of support
Provides a rigid lever for push off
Absorbs shock of body weight
Conforms the foot to irregular terrain
Important role in sensation/ proprioception/ balance
Allows adjustment of line of gravity in standing
Provides propulsion and restraint in walking
2
Q
What is the medial weight bearing bone of the lower leg?
A
Tibia
3
Q
What is the bony protuberance at the distal end of the tibia called?
A
Medial malleolus
4
Q
What does the inferior surface of the tibia articulate with?
A
Talus
5
Q
What does the tibia articulate with on its lateral surface?
A
Fibula
6
Q
What does the bony protuberance on the lateral side of the fibula form?
A
Lateral malleolus
7
Q
What is the classification of the superior tibio-fibular joint?
A
Synovial plane joint
8
Q
Name the articulating surfaces of the superior tibio-fibular joint
A
Head of fibula
Tibial lateral condyle
Capsule attached around joint margins
9
Q
Name the ligaments of the superior tibio-fibular joint?
A
Anterior and posterior ligaments of the fibular head
10
Q
What movements occur at the superior tibio-fibular joint?
A
Small rotational movements during ankle dorsiflexion/plantarflexion and gliding
11
Q
What is the interosseous membrane?
A
A tough, fibrous sheet of connective tissue
12
Q
What distance does the interosseous membrane span?
A
The distance between the borders of the tibia and fibula
13
Q
What does the interosseous membrane do?
A
Provides attachment for muscle
Separates anterior and posterior compartments
14
Q
What allows vessels to run between the anterior and posterior compartments created by the interosseous membrane?
A
A hiatus
15
Q
What type of joint is the inferior tibio-fibular joint?
A
A fibrous syndesmosis
16
Q
What are the ligaments of the inferior tibio-fibular joint?
A
Anterior inferior, posterior inferior and transverse tibio-fibular ligaments
17
Q
What movement occurs at the inferior tibio-fibular joint?
A
Slight roatation of the fibula on the tibia during ankle dorsiflexion
18
Q
Name the tarsal bones
A
Talus
Calcaneus
Cuboid
Navicular
Cuneiforms
19
Q
What are the names of the 3 cuneiforms?
A
Medial
Intermediate
Lateral
20
Q
How many metatarsals are there?
A
5
21
Q
How many phalanges are there?
A
14
22
Q
Where is the talus situated?
A
Above the calcaneus
23
Q
How many articular facets does the body of the talus have?
A
3
24
Q
What are the names of the talus’s articular facets?
A
Superior facet
Medial facet
Lateral facet
25
What is the classification of the ankle joint?
A synovial hinge joint
26
What is the ankle joint covered in?
Hyaline cartilage
27
What is the ankle joint enclosed by?
Joint capsule
28
What is the ankle joint lined with?
Synovial membrane
29
What movements does the ankle joint allow?
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
30
What articulation occurs at the subtalar joint?
It is where talus articulates with calcaneus
31
What movements occur at subtalar joint?
Inversion (calcaneus tilts inwards) and eversion (calcaneus tilts laterally)
32
What is the classification of the subtalar joint?
A plane (modified saddle) synovial joint
33
What is the subtalar joint surrounded by?
Weak articular capsule
34
What is the subtalar joints weak articular capsule supported by?
Talocacanean ligaments
35
What is the subtalar joint stabilised by?
Interosseous talocalcanean ligament
36
What is the classification of the mid-tarsal joint?
Synovial ball and socket joint
37
What is the classification of the cuneo-navicular joints?
Synovial plane joints
38
What movements occur at the cuneo-navicular joints?
Gliding and sliding
39
What do all metatarsals have?
A proximal head
Neck
Shaft
Base
40
What type of bone is embedded within the tendon of Flexor Hallucis Brevis on the 1st metatarsal?
2 sesamoid bones
41
What do all phalanges have?
Neck
Head
Shaft
Base
42
What are the names of the 3 different types of phalanges?
Distal
Middle
Proximal
43
What is the classification of the tarsal metatarsal joints?
Synovial plane
44
What is the classification of the metatarsal phalanges joints?
Synovial ellipsoid
45
What is the classification of the proximal interphalnageal joint and distal interphalangeal joint?
Synovial hinge
46
What movement can occur at metatarsal phalanges joint?
Flexion/extension
Abduction/adduction
47
What movements can occur at the interphalangeal joints?
Flexion/extension
48
Where do pronation and supination occur in the foot?
At the mid-tarasal joint
49
What are the weight bearing surfaces of the ankle joint?
Trochlear surfaces of the tibia and talus
50
What are the stabilising surfaces of the ankle joints?
Medial and lateral malleoli that grip the body of the talus
51
When is the ankle joint most stable/ what is its close packed position?
Dorsiflexion
52
How many degrees of freedom does the ankle joint have?
1
53
What muscle is dorsiflexion of the ankle joint produced by?
Tibialis anterior
54
What muscles assist dorsiflexion of the ankle joint?
Extensor digitorum Longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Peroneus tertius
55
What is dorsiflexion of the ankle joint limited by?
Tension in antagonists
Posterior part of deltoid ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament
Wedging of talus between malleoli
56
What muscle produces plantarflexion in the ankle joint?
Gastrocnemius
57
What muscles assist plantarflexion in the ankle joint?
Tibialis posterior
Peroneus longus and brevis
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
58
What is plantarflexion of the ankle joint limited by?
Tension in antagonists
Anterior part of deltoid ligament
Anterior tall fibular ligament
59
What is the classification of the subtalar joint?
A synovial modified saddle joint
60
What movements occur at the subtalar joint?
Inversion and eversion of the foot
61
What ligaments are at the subtalar joint?
Medial,posterior and lateral talocalcanean ligaments
62
What is the neutral position of the foot called?
Plantigrade
63
Transverse tarsal joint is the functional description of which joints?
Talocalcaneonavicular joint and the calcaneocuboid joint
64
What are the movements of the transverse tarsal joint?
Pronation and supination
65
What movements produce inversion in the foot?
Adduction of the forefoot
Supination
Plantarflexion of ankle
66
What movements produce eversion of the foot?
Abduction of forefoot
Pronation
Dorsiflexion of ankle
67
What movements in the foot cant occur as pure movements?
Adduction/abduction
Supination/pronation
68
What muscles produce inversion in the foot?
Tibialis anterior
Tibialis posterior
69
What muscles assist inversion?
Extensor and Flexor Hallucis Longus
70
What is inversion in the foot limited by?
Dorsal talonavicular ligament
71
What muscles produce eversion in the foot?
Peroneus Longus, Brevis and Tertius
72
What limits eversion in the foot?
Impact of talus on floor of sinus tarsi
Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament
73
What is the classification of the calcaneocuboid-cuboid joint?
Synovial plant or synovial saddle joint (not completely agreed on)
74
What is the longest of all ligaments between tarsal bones?
Long plantar ligament
75
Where is the long plantar ligament in comparison to short plantar calcaneocuboid ligament?
Long plantar ligament is superficial to short plantar calcaneocuboid ligament
76
Name the intertarsal joints of the foot
Subtalar
Midtarsal
Cuneonavicular
Intercuneiform
Cunecubois
Tarsometatarsal
77
Name 6 functions of the foot
Dynamic and strong to support body weight
It serves as lever for propulsion
Spring and lift for many activities
Adapts to uneven surfaces
It is flexible and resilient to absorb the shock of weight bearing
It provides a stable base for proximal function
78
What do the arches of the foot do?
Add weight bearing capabilities and resilience to the foot
Act as shock absorbers in standing and propulsive movement
Enable the foot to adapt to different surfaces and to weight changes
79
Name the 3 arches of the foot
Medial longitudinal arch
Lateral longitudinal arch
Transverse arch
80
Name 3 factors maintaining arches
Bony configuration
Strong ligaments
Muscle tone
81
Name the 4 ligaments if the medial longitudinal arch
Plantar aponeurosis
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
Short plantar ligament
Long plantar ligament
82
Name the 3 ligaments of the lateral longitudinal arch
Long plantar ligament
Short plantar ligament
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
83
Name the ligaments of the transverse arch
Collateral ligaments
84
Name the accessory movements of the talocrural joint
Longitudinal distraction
AP
PA
85
Name the accessory movements of the subtalar joint
Distraction
Rock of talus on calcaneus
Side tilt medially
Side tilt laterally
86
What are the 4 compartments of the calf and foot?
Anterior
Lateral
Superficial posterior
Deep posterior
87
Name the 3 muscles ion the superficial posterior compartment
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
88
What do all muscles of the superficial posterior compartment have in common?
Insert into the calcaneus vis the tendocalcaneus
Muscles plantarflex the foot
Innervated by the tibial nerve
89
Where does gastrocnemius originate?
Lateral head - posterior aspect of the lateral femoral condyle
Medial head - posterior aspect of the medial femoral condyle
90
Where does gastrocnemius insert?
Posterior surface of calcaneus via the tendocalcaneus
91
What are the actions of gastrocnemius?
Powerful plantarflex or of the foot
Knee flexion
92
What nerve innervates gastrocnemius?
Tibial nerve S1, S2
93
Where does Soleus originate?
Soleal line, posterior surface of tibia
Posterior surface of upper 1/3 of fibula including the head
94
Where does Soleus insert?
Fuses with tendon of gastrocnemius to form upper part of tendocalcaneus into posterior surface of the calcaneus
95
What is the action of the Soleus?
Plantarflexion of the foot
96
What is the innervation of Soleus?
Tibial nerve S1-2
97
Where is the origin of Plantaris?
Lateral supracondylar ridge of femur, above lateral head of gastrocnemius
Adjacent part of popliteal surface of femur
98
Where does Plantaris insert?
Medial side of tendocalcaneus, posterior surface of the calcaneus
99
What is the action of Plantaris?
Insignificant plantar flexor of the foot
Weak knee flexor
100
What is the innervation of Plantaris?
Tibial nerve S1, S2
101
What are the 4 muscles of the deep posterior compartment?
Popliteus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
102
What do all muscle of the deep posterior compartment have in common?
Muscles are supplied by the tibial nerve
All muscles except popliteus assist in plantarflexion of the ankle
103
Where does popliteus originate?
Outer surface of lateral femoral condyle, below epicondyle
104
Where does popliteus insert?
Posterior surface of proximal tibia, above soleal line
105
What action is produced by popliteus?
Laterally rotates the femur on the tibia
106
What is the innervation of popliteus?
Tibia nerve L5
107
Where does Tibialis posterior insert?
Medial part - posterior surface of the tibia and interosseous membrane
Lateral part - proximal posterior surface of fibula
108
Where does Tibialis posterior insert?
Tubercle in medial side of navicular and plantar surface of medial cuneiform
Slips to plantar surfaces of all tarsal bones except talus
109
What are the actions of Tibialis posterior?
Inversion of foot
Assists plantarflexion at ankle
Assists in support of the medial longitudinal arch
110
What is the innervation of Tibialis Posterior?
Tibial nerve L4-5
111
Where does Flexor Digitorum Longus originate?
Medial aspect, posterior surface of tibia
112
What is the insertion of Flexor Digitorum Longus?
4 tendons to plantar aspect of the bases of distal phalanges
113
What are the actions of Flexor Digitorum Longus?
Flexion of toes 2-5 at distal interphalangeal joint, proximal interphalangeal joints and metatarsal phalanges joint
Assists plantarflexion of foot
114
What is the innervation of Flexor Digitorum Longus/
Tibial nerve L5, S1-S2
115
Where does Flexor Hallucis Longus originate?
Lower 2/3 of posterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
116
Where does Flexor Hallucis Longus insert?
Plantar surface of the base of the distal phalanx of the great toe
117
What are the actions of Flexor Hallucis Longus?
Flexion of all joints of great toes
Assists plantarflexion of the foot at the ankle joint
118
What is the innervation of Flexor Hallucis Longus?
Tibial nerve S1-S2
119
What tunnel do Tom, Dick and Harry go through?
Tarsal tunnel
120
What is the ceiling of the tarsal tunnnel?
Flexor reticulum
121
What is the flexor reticulum>
A tough band of connective tissue from medial malleolus to medial wall of calcaneum
122
Name the blood vessel and nerve that go through the tarsal tunnel
Posterior tibial artery
Tibial nerve
123
What muscle unlocks the knee?
Popliteus
124
What are the 4 muscles of the anterior compartment of the foot and ankle?
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum Longus
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Peroneus Tertius
125
What is common in all muscles of the anterior compartment of the foot and ankle?
All muscles supplies by the deep peroneal nerve
All muscles assist in dorsiflexion at the ankle
126
Where does Tibialis Anterior originate?
Upper 1/2 to 2/3 lateral surface of tibia and adjacent interosseous membrane
127
Where does Tibialis Anterior insert?
Medial surface of medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
128
What does the insertion of Tibialis Anterior blend with?
Peroneus Longus
129
What are the actions of Tibialis Anterior?
Dorsiflexion of ankle
Inversion of the foot
130
What is the innervation of Tibialis Anterior?
Deep peroneal nerve L4/5
131
Where does Extensor Digitorum longus originate?
Upper 2/3 anterior surface of fibula
Upper part of interosseous membrane
Lateral tibial condyle
132
Where does Extensor Digitorum Longus insert?
Extensor hood (dorsal digital expansion), base of middle and distal phalanges of toes 2-5
133
What are the actions of Extensor Digitorum Longus?
Extension of lateral 4 toes at metatarsal phalanges joints
Extension of interphalangeal joints
Assists dorsiflexion of ankle
134
What is the innervation of Extensor Digitorum Longus?
Deep peroneal nerve L5, S1
135
Where does Extensor Hallucis Longus originate?
Middle 1/2 if anterior surface of fibula and adjacent interosseous membrane
136
Where does Extensor Hallucis Longus insert?
Dorsal surface, base of distal phalanx of the great toe
137
What are the actions of extensor hallucis Longus?
Extends all joints of great toe, mainly metatarsal phalange joint
Powerful dorsiflexor
138
What is the innervation of Extensor Hallucis Longus?
Deep peroneal nerve L5, S1
139
Where does Peroneus Tertius originate?
Lower 1/4 of medial fibular and adjacent interosseous membrane
140
Where does Peroneus tertius insert?
Styloid process of base of 5th metatarsal and dorsal aspect
141
What are the actions of Peroneus Tertius?
Weak dorsiflexor of foot
Weak Everton of foot
142
What is the innervation of Peroneus tertius?
Deep peroneal nerve L5, S1
143
Name the 2 muscles of the lateral compartment of the foot and ankle
Peroneus (Fibularis) Longus
Peroneus (Fibularis) Brevis
144
Where does Peroneus Longus originate?
Lateral tibial condyle
Upper 2/3 lateral surface of fibula
Lateral side of fibular head
145
What are the 2 slips of insertion for Peroneus Longus?
Base of 1st metatarsal
Medial cuneiform (plantar and lateral surfaces)
146
What are the actions of Peroneus Longus?
Eversion and plantarflexion of foot
Supports the arches of foot
147
What is the innervation of Peroneus Longus?
Superficial peroneal nerve L5, S1
148
Where is Peroneus Brevis in comparison to Peroneus Longus?
Peroneus Brevis is more anteriorly placed than Peroneus Longus
149
Where does Peroneus Brevis originate?
Lower 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula
150
Where does Peroneus Brevis insert?
Tubercle on the lateral side of base of 5th metatarsal
151
What are the actions of Peroneus Brevis?
Eversion of the foot
Plantarflexion at the ankle
152
What is the innervation of Peroneus Brevis?
Superficial Peroneal Nerve L5, S1
153
Where does Extensor Digitorum Brevis originate?
Anterior part of calcaneus and inferior extensor retinaculum
154
Where are the insertions of Extensor Digitorum Brevis?
Medial tendon -to bade, proximal phalanx of great toe
Tendons 2-4 - to lateral side of extensor hood
155
What is the innervation of Extensor Digitorum Brevis?
Deep peroneal nerve L5, S1
156
What are the actions of Extensor Digitorum Brevis?
Extension at metatarsal phalanges joints
Assists limb rivals to extend interphalangeal joints
157
What muscle support the medial longitudinal arch?
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Abductor Hallucis
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Tibialis Anterior
Tibialis Posterior
158
What muscles support the lateral longitudinal arch?
Peroneus Longus
Peroneus Brevis
Peroneus Tertius
Flexor Digitorum Longus (4th and 5th toes)
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Adductor Digiti Minimi
