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Anatomy > The Knee > Flashcards

The Knee Flashcards

(120 cards)

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1
Q

What is a condyle?

A

A rounded knob

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2
Q

What is an epicondyle?

A

A small projection on a condyle

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3
Q

Which side of the tibia is the fibula?

A

Fibula is on the lateral side of the tibia

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4
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

A large roughened marked bony prominence

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5
Q

Where is the tibial plateau?

A

It is on the uppermost aspect of the proximal tibia

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6
Q

What bone classification is the patella?

A

Sesamoid bone

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7
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

Synovial -> bones held together by a fibrous capsule and accessory ligament. Has a synovial joint cavity

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8
Q

How many degrees of movement does the knee joint have?

A

2 (flexion/extension and medial/lateral rotation)

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9
Q

Name the similarities and differences of the femoral articulate surfaces

A

Lateral condyle us shorter and wider
Medial condyle projects more Italy and lateral condyle projects more anteriorly
They are both covered in articular cartilage

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10
Q

Name the similarities and differences of the tibial articular surfaces

A

Medial tibial condyle projects further antero-posteriorly to accommodate the medial femoral condyle
Covered in articular cartilage
Flatter peripherally, covered with semi-lunar cartilages (menisci)

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11
Q

What is the function of the patellar>

A

Improve mechanical efficiency of the quadriceps muscle group by increasing lever arm and increasing angular torque/moment

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12
Q

What is the Q’ angle?

A

The angle between the quadriceps muscle and the patellar tendon

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13
Q

How do we measure the Q’ angle using bony landmarks?

A

Measured as angle between line from ASIS to centre patella and line from centre patella to tibial tuberosity

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14
Q

What does Q’ angle represent?

A

The angle of quadriceps muscle force

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15
Q

What are the normal Q’ angles?

A

Normal angle is 13° (men) and 18° (women)

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16
Q

What is patella-femoral joint stability dependent on?

A

Patella position
Lateral femoral buttress wall
Ratio between VMO and VL
Tightness of lateral retinaculum

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17
Q

What type of joint is the superior tibia-fibular joint?

A

Synovial plane joint

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18
Q

What are the articular surfaces of the superior tibia-fibular joint?

A

Head of fibula, tibial lateral condyle, capsule attached around joint margins

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19
Q

What ligaments are associated with the superior tibia-fibular joint?

A

Anterior and posterior ligaments of the fibular head

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20
Q

What movements occur at the superior tibia-fibular joint?

A

Small rotational movements during ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

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21
Q

What is the shape of the medial meniscus?

A

C shaped

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22
Q

What is the shape of the lateral meniscus?

A

O shaped

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23
Q

Which meniscus is less Mobil’s and more easily damaged (due to blending)?

A

Medial meniscus

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24
Q

Where is the attachment of the medial meniscus’s anterior horn?

A

Intercondylar area and anterior cruciate ligament
Transverse and coronary ligaments

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25
Where is the attachment of the medial meniscus’s posterior horn?
Posterior horn inserts into the intracondular region in association with PCL
26
Where is the attachment of the lateral meniscus’s anterior horn?
Anterior interconylar eminence posterior to ACL
27
Where is the attachment of the lateral meniscus’s posterior horn?
Posterior intercondylar area anterior to posterior horn of medial meniscus
28
What is the function of the menisci?
Enhances tibio-femoral joint stability by deepening tibial articular surface (gives it more congruence and makes it more stable) Acts as a shock absorber Conforms to changing shape of femoral condyle during knee movement
29
Where does the knee joint capsule attach posteriorly?
Posterior femoral condyle and intercondylar fossa Posterior tibial condyles
30
Where does the knee joint capsule attach medically?
Blends with Gastrocenemius and Semimembranosus Medial articular margins femoral and tibial condyle Blends with medial collateral ligament
31
Where does the knee joint capsule attach laterally?
Lateral femur above popliteus Lateral tibial condyle Fibula head
32
Where does the knee joint capsule attach anteriorly?
Patella and retinaculum Capsule replaced by quadriceps tendon
33
Where does the anterior cruciate ligament attach?
Starts in anterior intercondylar area of tibia Runs posteriorly, laterally and superiorly to posterior part of intercondylar area of lateral femoral condyle
34
Where does the posterior cruciate ligament attach?
Posterior part of intercondylar area of tibia Runs anteriorly, medically and superiorly to lateral surface of medial femoral condyle
35
What movement does MCL limit?
Limits valgus movement of the tibia on the femur
36
What movement does LCL limit?
LCL limits varus movement of the tibia on the femur
37
What is valgus deformity of the knee?
Distal aspect is going away from the midline
38
What is varus deformity of the knee?
Distal aspect is going away from he midlin
39
What is O’Donoghue;s unhappy triad a combination of injury to?
MCL, ACL and medial meniscus
40
What could an increased Q’ angle lead to?
Lateralisation of the patella
41
What does the ACL prevent?
Anterior displacement of the tibia on a fixed femur
42
What does the PCL prevent?
Posterior displacement of the tibia on a fixed femur
43
Where do LCL and Biceps Femoris attach to?
The apex of the head of the fibula
44
What is a bursa?
Fluid filled sack that prevents unwanted friction
45
Name the bursae of the knee
Suprapatellar bursa Prepatellar bursa Superficial infrapatellar bursa Deep infrapatellar bursa Pes Anserinus bursa Semimembranosus bursa
46
What are the names of the accessory movements performed on the patella-femoral joint?
Longitudinal caudal excursion Medial side glide and lateral side glide
47
What are the accessory movements of the superior tibio-fibular joint?
AP glide PA glide
48
What are the accessory movemnts of the knee joint?
AP glide PA glide Medial side glide and lateral side glide
49
In what position is the knee joint locked?
In a closed pack position/standing in extension
50
Which muscle initiates ‘unlocking’ mechanism?
Popliteus
51
What happens anatomically at the knee joint when you go from sitting to standing?
-femoral condyle roll and slide anteriorly over tibial condyle Femoral condyle glide posteriorly over tibial condyles (stops femoral condyles rolling off tibial condyles) Shorter lateral femoral condyle movement stops first Femur medically rotates around fixed lateral condyle to complete the movement
52
Describe the mechanism of the knee unlocking mechanism
Femur rotates (spins) laterally on tibia Femoral condyles roll posteriorly on the tibial condyles Femoral condyles glide anteriorly on the tibial condyles (this stops femoral condyles from rolling off the tibial condyles)
53
Name the 4 quadriceps muscles
Rectus Femoris Vastus Medialis Vastus Intermedius Vastus Lateralis
54
Where does the long head of the Rectus femoris originate?
Anterior inferior iliac spine
55
Where does the short head of Rectus Femoris originate from?
Rough area of ilium superior to acetabulum
56
Where does Rectus Femoris insert?
The 2 heads join quadriceps femoris tendon which inserts into base of patella
57
What are the actions of the Rectus Femoris?
Extends knee and flexes hip
58
What is the nerve supply of Rectus Femoris?
Femoral nerve L2,3,4
59
Where is Vastus Intermedius in comparison to Rectus Femoris?
It is deep to Rectus Femoris
60
Where is the origin of Vastus Intermedius?
Femur-upper 2/3rds anterior and lateral surfaces
61
Where does Vastus Intermedius insert?
Quadriceps tendon (deep part) and lateral border of patella
62
Where is the origin of Vastus Medialis?
Femur medial part of inter-trachanteric line, pectineal line, medial lip of linea aspera, medial supracondylar line
63
Where does Vastus Medialis insert?
Quadriceps tendon and medial border of patella
64
Where is the origin of Vastus lateralis?
lateral part of intertrochanteric line, lateral margin of greater trochanter, lateral margin gluteal tuberosity, lateral lip linea aspera
65
Where does Vastus Lateralis insert?
Quadriceps tendon and lateral margin of patella
66
What are the actions of the Vasti muscles?
Extend knee joint
67
What is the nerve supply of the Vasti muscles?
Femoral L2, 3, 4
68
Name the 3 hamstring muscles
Biceps Femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus
69
Where is the origin of the long head of Biceps Femoris?
Inferomedial part of upper area Ischial tuberosity
70
Where is the origin of the short head of Biceps Femoris?
Lateral lip linea aspera (lateral supracondylar ridge)
71
Where does Biceps femoris insert?
Head of fibula
72
What action does Biceps Femoris cause at the knee?
Flexion and external rotation
73
What is the nerve supply of Biceps Femoris?
Sciatic nerve L5-S2
74
Where is the origin of Semitendinosus?
Inferomedial part of upper area Ischial tuberosity
75
Where does Semitendinosus insert?
Medial surface of proximal tibia
76
What action at the knee does Semitendinosus cause?
Flexion and internal rotation
77
What is the nerve supply of Semitendinosus?
Sciatic nerve L5-S2
78
Where is Semimembranosus in comparison to Semitendinosus?
Deep to Semitendinosus
79
Where is the origin of Semimembranosus?
Superolateral impression Ischial tuberosity
80
Where action at the knee does Semimbranosus cause?
Flexion and internal rotation
81
What is the nerve supply of Semimembranosus?
Sciatic nerve
82
What is the action of the hamstrings?
Extend the hip and flex the knee joint
83
Where is the origin of Sartorius?
Anterior superior iliac spine
84
Where does Sartorius insert?
Anterior surface of tibia just Inferomedial to tibial tuberosity
85
What actions does Sartorius cause at the knee?
medial rotation and flexion
86
What is the nerve supply of Sartorius?
femoral nerve L2,3
87
Where is the origin of Gracilis?
External surface body of pubis, inferior pubic ramus and ramus of ischium
88
Where does Gracilis insert?
Medial surface proximal shaft of tibia
89
What are the actions of Gracilis?
medial rotation and flexion of the knee
90
What is the nerve supply of Gracilis?
Obturator nerve L3, 4
91
Which muscle gives the contour of the calf?
Gastrocnemius
92
Where does Gastrocnemius originate?
Medial and lateral femoral condyles (2 heads -> medial and lateral)
93
Where does Gastrocnemius insert?
Achilles’ tendon into posterior-superior calcaneus
94
What are the actions of Gastrocemius?
Knee flexion and ankle plantarflexion
95
What is the nerve supply of Gastrocnemius?
Tibial nerve S1,2
96
What is Plantaris deep to?
Gastrocnemius
97
Where is the origin of Plantaris?
Lateral supracondylar line above lateral head of Gastrocnemius
98
Where does Plantaris insert?
Medial border of TA and posterior surface of calcaneus
99
What is the action of Plantaris?
Weak knee flexor and plantar flexor of foot
100
What is the nerve supply of Plantaris?
Tibial L4, 5, S1
101
Where does Popliteus originate?
Lateral femoral condyle
102
Where does Popliteus insert?
Proxmial surface of posterior tibia
103
Where does Popliteus insert?
Proximal surface of posterior tibia
104
What is the action of Popliteus?
Unlocks the knee by laterally rotating the femur on fixed tibia Has a weaker role in flexing knee and medially rotating the tibia
105
What is the nerve supply of Popliteus?
Tibial nerve L4,5, S1
106
What does TFL stand for?
Tensor Fasciae Latae?
107
Where is the origin of TFL?
ASIS (and outer iliac crest to iliac tubercle)
108
Where does TFL insert?
Anterior surface of tibia just inferolateral to tibial tuberosity (Gerdy’s tubercle)
109
What are the actions of TFL at the knee?
Stabilises the knee laterally (doesn’t produce any physiological movement)
110
What is the nerve supply of TFL?
Femoral nerve L2, 3, 4
111
What does ITB stand for?
IlioTibial Band
112
What actions/movements can be done at the knee?
Flexion/extension Internal rotation/external rotation
113
What are the lateral borders of the Popliteal Fossa?
Biceps Femoris and lateral head of Gastrocnemius
114
What are the medial borders of Popliteal fossa?
Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Medial head of Gastrocnemius
115
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
Popliteal artery and vein Common perineal and tibial nerve Lymph nodes and fat
116
Name the 4 knee flexors
Hamstrings -> biceps femoris, Semitendinosus and Semimembranosus Sartorius Popliteus Gastrocnemius
117
Name the knee extensors
Quadriceps -> Rectus Femoris, Vastus Intermedius, Vastus lateralis, Vastus Medialis
118
Name the 4 medial rotators of the tibia on the femur
Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Sartorius Popliteus
119
Name the lateral rotator of the tibia on the femur
Biceps Femoris
120
In what position should you palpitate the knee?
Open-packed position

Anatomy (15 decks)

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