Introduction To Appendicular Anatomy Flashcards by Jenna Mowatt

What is the anatomical position used for?

A position used as a reference when describing parts of the body in relation to each other

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Describe the anatomical position

Standing upright
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward

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What does anterior mean?

In front of or the front surface of

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What is another word for anterior?

Ventral

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What does posterior mean?

Towards the back of or on the back surface of

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What is another word for posterior?

Dorsal

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What does medial mean?

Towards the midline

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What does lateral mean?

Away from the midline or to the outer side of

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What does superior mean?

Towards the head or above

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What does superficial mean?

On or near to the surface

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What does deep mean?

Below the surface and covered

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What does inferior mean?

Towards the feet or below

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What does cephalad mean?

Towards the head

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What does caudal mean?

Towards the tail or feet

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What does proximal mean?

Nearer to the centre or midline
Closer to the point of origin or body

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What does distal mean?

Further from the centre or midline
Further from the point of origin or body

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What is a Sagittal plane?

A vertical plane, from front to back that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left portions

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What is a median plane?

A plane that divides the body into equal halves (through the nose and through the centre)

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What is another word for the frontal plane?

Coronal plane

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What is the frontal plane?

A vertical plane from side to side that divides the body or any of its parts into front and back

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What is the transverse plane?

A horizontal plane, from front to back and side to side that divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower portions

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What is the plane of movement?

The imaginary surface over which the mobile segment passes
E.g. legs move on a sagittal plane ( they go from front to back)

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What is the axis of movement?

An imaginary point or line, on the surface around which the movement occurs

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What angle are the plane of movement and the axis to each other?

90 degrees
The axis and plane are always right angles to each other

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What is the alternate name for the sagittal plane?

Median

What is the alternate name for the frontal plane?

Coronal

What is the alternate name for the horizontal plane?

Transverse

Flexion/ extension occurs about which plane and axis?

Sagittal plane and a coronal axis

Abduction/adduction occurs about which plane and axis?

A coronal plane and a sagittal axis

Medial and lateral rotation occurs about which plane and axis?

A transverse plane and vertical axis

Give some examples of flexion

Moving the palm upwards from the anatomical position Bicep curl Raising arm above head Kicking leg upwards Bringing heel towards the bum

Give some examples of extension

Moving palm backwards

What is the difference between abduction and adduction?

Abduction is moving away Adduction is returning

What is the radius of the wrist?

Radius bone supports thumb side of the forearm

What is the ulna of the wrist?

Ulna bone supports little finger side of the forearm

What is radial deviation?

Hand tilts towards the thumb

What is ulnar deviation?

Hand tilts toward the little finger

What can ulnar deviation and radial deviation also be called if in the anatomical position?

Adduction and abduction

Which two fingers can only truly oppose each other?

Little finger and thumb

What is dorsiflexion?

The upward movement of toe towards calf

What is plantarflexion?

The downward movement, pointing the toe

How will full pronation place the palm of the hand?

Facing downwards to the floor

At 90 degree flexion at the elbow, supination in the forearm results in the palm of the hand facing in which direction?

Upwards

Supination in the foot is a combination of what?

Plantar flexion, inversion and adduction

Pronation in the foot and ankle region is a combination of what?

Dorsiflexion, abduction and eversion

What is radial deviation at the wrist the same as?

Abduction

What is ulnar deviation in the wrist the same as?

Adduction

What are the 5 main categories of bones?

Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Sesamoid bones

What are long bones?

Long bones are hard, dense bones that provide strength, structure and mobility, typically found in the upper and lower extremities

Give and example of a long bone

Clavicle Humerus Radius Ulna Metacarpus Phalanges Metatarsus Fibula Tibia Femur

What are short bones?

Short bones are designated as those bones that are as wide as they are long. Their primary function is to provide support and stability with little to no movement

Name two short bones

Carpus and tarsus

What are flat bones?

Flat bones are bones whose principle function is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment

Name a flat bone

Lacrimal Nasal Vomer Hip Pelvis Rib Sternum Scapula Occipital Frontal Parietal

Name an irregular bone

Ethmoid Palatine Inferior nasal concha Hyoid Coccyx Sacrum Vertebrae Mandible Maxilla Zygomatic Temporal Sphenoid

What shape is a sesamoid bone?

Normally a small pea shaped bone

What is a sesamoid bone?

A bone embedded within a tendon or a muscle. Sesamoid act like pulleys, providing a smooth surface for tendons to slide over, increasing the tendons ability to transmit muscular forces

What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?

Patella

What is the articulate surface?

Where bones meet in a joint

What is the spine of a bone?

A sharp slender process

What is the head of a bone?

The prominent rounded bony end

What is the neck of a bone?

The segment between the head and shaft of a bone (As soon as cartilage stops it goes from being head to neck)

What is a condyle?

A rounded knob

What is an epicondyle?

A small projection on a condyle

What is a tubercle?

A small rounded process

What is a crest?

A narrow ridge

What is a process of a bone?

A marked bony prominence

What is a line of a bone?

It refers to a long, thin projection, often with a rough surface

What is a groove?

A furrow in the bone surface that runs along the length of a vessel or nerve, providing space to avoid compression by adjacent muscle or external forces

What is the angle of a bone?

A change in border direction

What is the trochanter of a bone?

A large process

What is tuberosity of a bone?

A large rounded process

What is foremen of a bone?

A rounded opening through bone

What is fossa?

A shallow/flattened surface

What is the fovea of a bone?

A small pit or depression

What is the sulcus of a bone?

A groove accommodating a vessel/tendon or nerve

What is the ramus of the bone?

The curved part of the bone that gives structural support to the rest of the bone