for the final Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy
A
study of body structures
2
Q
Osmosis
A
diffusion of water
3
Q
leukemia
A
WBCs increase astronomically
4
Q
average heart rate
A
72 beats/ minute
5
Q
Jarvik-7
A
first artificial heart
6
Q
echocardiogram
A
A diagnostic tool that uses ultrasound to detect valve and heart disorders
7
Q
tachycardia
A
A rapid heart rhythm over 100 beats per minute
8
Q
arrhythmia
A
irregular heartbeat
9
Q
heart murmur
A
Abnormal heart sound often caused by disorders of the valves
10
Q
embolism
A
Blood clot
11
Q
systemic circulation
A
Movement of blood from the left ventricle through the body and back to the heart
12
Q
pulmonary circulation
A
Movement of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the heart
13
Q
hypertension
A
high blood pressure
14
Q
atherosclerosis
A
Hardening of the arteries
15
Q
myocardial infarction
A
heart attack
16
Q
angina
A
severe chest pain
17
Q
average blood pressure
A
120/70; pre-menopause higher in males
18
Q
diastolic
A
2nd sound, filling of heart with blood, bottom number
19
Q
systolic
A
1st sound, pumping blood to body, top number
20
Q
plasma
A
clear portion of the blood
21
Q
erythrocytes
A
RBC
22
Q
leukocytes
A
Protects body against invasion of foreign substances:, WBCs
23
Q
platelets
A
thrombocyte tiny blood cells that play a crucial role in blood clotting
24
Q
thrombocytes
A
platelets
25
red blood
cells carries oxygen, no nucleus, more numerous
26
white blood cells
(function) Aids the body’s immune system,
27
3 blood pressure facts
High – hypertension
Angina – severe chest pain
Embolism – blood clot
Increases with age
is higher when you are lying down than standing up.
28
SA node
natural pacemaker of the heart
29
AV node
Receives stimulus from SA node
30
Veins
carry blood to from the heart
31
Arteries
carry blood away from the heart
32
coronary bypass
- Treatment for blocked arteries in the heart It creates a new path for blood to flow around blocked or narrowed arteries in the heart, improving blood flow to the heart muscle. This is achieved by taking a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body
33
Capillaries
Small cells between arterioles and venules where gas and nutrient echange occur.
34
Tissues
an assembly of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same
embryonic origin that together carry out a specific function
35
Antigen
Substance that triggers the immune system
. A substance that can stimulate to make antibodies
Overreaction of the body to an antigen = allergies
36
Antibodies
a substance made by the body in response to an antigen
37
Universal
recipient A person with “AB” blood type
38
Universal
donor A person with “O” blood type
39
Neurotransmitter
chemical messengers that carry impulses across the synapse
40
Hormone
chemical messenger that acts on target cells
41
Blood doping
Used by athletes or military to enhance performance.
42
Hematopoiesis
blood cell formation
43
Bypass Surgery
Treatment for blocked arteries in the heart
44
Atria
top chambers of the heart
45
Ventricles
Lower two chambers of the heart
46
Three ingredients in cigarettes
nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide
47
Secondhand smoke
affects non-smokers
48
Epiglottis
When swallowing food and drink, substances are usually
prevented from entering the windpipe by the action of this:
49
Pharynx
throat area
50
Pleural membrane
a two-layered serous membrane that surrounds the lungs
and lines the inner walls of the chest cavity. It consists of
the visceral pleura, which directly covers the lungs, and the
parietal pleura, which lines the chest wall and diaphragm
51
Alveoli
microscopic air sac, actual site of gas exchange
site of gas exchange
52
Apnea
brief cessation of breathing
53
Diaphragm
a dome-shaped, muscular partition that separates the
thoracic (chest) cavity from the abdominal cavity
54
Trachea
also known as the windpipe, is a cartilaginous tube that
connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs,
55
Pathogen
any disease-causing organism
56
Colon
large intestine, major absorber of water
57
Mesentery .
The membrane that contains blood vessels of the
intestines to prevent them from tangling
58
Villi
finger-like, increase surface area, in small intestines
59
Duodenum
first part of small intestine
60
Ileum
last part of small intestines
61
Jejunum
the middle section of the small intestine, located between
the duodenum and ileum
62
Rectum
the final section of the large intestine, connecting the
sigmoid colon to the anus
63
Gallbladder
a small, pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver. Its
main function is to store and concentrate bile, a greenish-
yellow fluid produced by the liver. Bile is essential for
digesting fats, and the gallbladder releases it into the
duodenum when it's needed for digestion
64
Liver
a vital, large organ located in the upper right part of the
abdomen, beneath the diaphragm, and on top of the
stomach
65
Pancreas
endocrine and exocrine
66
Appendix
is a small, finger-shaped pouch of tissue located in the
lower right abdomen, attached to the large intestine
67
Stomach
a sac-like organ located in the upper abdomen. It's
responsible for breaking down food through both
mechanical (churning) and chemical (acid and enzyme
secretions) processes. The stomach connects
the esophagus above and the small intestine below
68
Bolus
ball of chewed food
69
Peristalsis
process of squeezing food through the digestive tube by
contractions of the outer wall
70
Pepsin
breaks down protein, secreted by stomach gastric juices
71
Amylase
A special type of digestive enzyme that reacts only with
starch to change it to glucose
72
Lipase
special type of digestive enzyme that reacts only with lipids
73
Chyme liquid, soupy stomach contents
liquid, soupy stomach contents
74
Bile
secreted by liver, stored in gallbladder, greenish-yellow
75
Frenulum
holds tongue in place
76
Uvula
dangles from the posterior portion of the soft palate
77
Incisors
are the sharp, blade-shaped teeth located at the front of the
mouth in both the upper and lower jaws
78
Wisdom teeth
the most posterior of the three molars in each quadrant of
the human dentition
79
Molars
large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth used primarily to
grind food
80
Cecum
where large intestine meets the small intestine, appendix is
attached to the cecum
81
Eye teeth
the two pointed teeth located on the upper jaw, one
on each side, directly below the eyes, canines
82
Esophagus
an organ in vertebrates through which food passes, aided
by peristaltic contractions, from the pharynx to the
stomach.
83
Micturition
emptying of the bladder
84
Trigone
smooth area in bladder where urethra exists and ureters
enter
85
Nephrons
functional unit of the kidney
processes of the nephron: reabsorption, filtration,
&secretion
glomerulus: bundle of capillaries encased in the nephron
by the Bowman’s capsule
86
Best kidney donor
sibling
87
Filtration
the kidneys separate water and small solutes from the
blood, moving them into the renal tubule. This process,
driven by blood pressure, is the first step in urine
formation and is crucial for removing waste and toxins
from the body
87
Urine
composed mostly water, usually alkaline
88
Reabsorption
the process where useful substances and water are taken
back into the bloodstream from the filtrate in the renal
tubules
89
Secretion
the active process where useful substances and
water are taken back into the bloodstream from the
filtrate in the renal tubules
waste ions and hydrogen ions pass from the capillaries into
the renal tubule
90
Ureter
carries urine from kidney to bladder
91
filtrate
the fluid that has been filtered out of the blood in the
glomerulus and enters the Bowman's capsule
92
Internal urethral sphincter
involuntary and smooth muscle
93
External urethral sphincter
Voluntary and skeletal muscle
94
Receptors
Special sensory neurons are sense organs that receive
stimuli from the external environment
95
Synapse
space between two neurons
96
Axon
long, carries impulse away from neuron
97
Cell body
Where nucleus is
98
Impulse
chemical messengers carry impulses across the
synapse.
Electric signals carried by neurons
99
Neuron
nerve cell
100
Medulla oblongata
function Part of the brainstem that controls involuntary
functions
101
Cerebellum
second largest part of the brain
102
Cerebrum
The largest part of the brain
103
Myelin
white, fatty, insulating
104
Hypothalamus
link between the Nervous System and the Endocrine
system
Part of the brain that controls hunger, thirst, fatigue,
and anger
105
Gyri
folds on brain surface that increase surface area
106
Meninges
3 protective coverings of the brain and spinal cord
107
Sensory
type of neuron conducts information to the brain and
spinal cord
108
Motor
type of neuron conducts impulses to muscles
109
Sympathetic
One part of the autonomic nervous system
110
Parasympathetic
One part of the autonomic nervous system
111
Reflex
Simplest response to a stimulus
112
Schwann cell
any of the cells in the peripheral nervous system that
produce the myelin sheath around neuronal axons.
113
Nervous tissue
type of tissue carries messages to the brain
114
Muscle tissue
Cardiac, skeletal, smooth
115
Epithelial tissue
tissue that secretes fluids is called a
gland
116
Connective tissue
tissue that connects, supports, binds, or separates other
tissues or organs, typically having relatively few cells
embedded in an amorphous matrix, often with collagen or
other fibers, and including cartilaginous, fatty, and elastic
tissues.
117
Vagus nerve
also known as the tenth cranial nerve (CN X), is a mixed
nerve that plays a crucial role in the body's
parasympathetic nervous system. It connects the brain to
various organs in the neck, chest, and abdomen
118
Olfactory nerve -
smell
119
Facial nerve
Hairs in the cochlea carry sound waves to this nerve
120
Vestibulocochlear nerve
hearing and equilibrium
121
Retina
a layer of cells at the back of your eyeball that converts light
into nerve signals
comprised of millions of nerve fibers that send visual
messages to your brain to help you see
122
Pupil
The iris controls the size and the hole in the eye allowing the light and things to come in
123
Iris
The iris controls the size of the pupil
124
Sclera
the white, outer layer of the eye, a tough, fibrous tissue that
protects the eye and helps maintain its shape.
125
Optic Nerve
transmit visual information from the eyes to the brain. It acts as a conduit, carrying electrical impulses from photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the retina to the brain,
126
Lens
The part of the eye that can change shape.
127
Vitreous humor
clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina
of the eyeball
128
Aqueous Humor
watery – refracts light anterior
129
Rods
low light – black, white, gray
130
Cones
Receptor cells that detect color in the eyes
131
External ear canal
a tube-like structure that connects the outer ear to the
middle ear.
132
Tympanic membrane
a steroid hormone that plays a crucial role in the female
reproductive system, particularly in the menstrual cycle
and pregnancy
133
Hammer
Anvil
Stirrup
Ossicle 1
Ossicle 2
Ossicle 3
133
Semicircular canals
Keeping your balance or equilibrium
134
Cochlea
Hairs in the cochlea carry sound waves to the vestibulocochlear
nerve
135
Eustachian
tube connects the throat with the middle ear
136
Thyroxine
maintains metabolism
137
Insulin
a hormone produced by the pancreas, specifically the beta
cells, that plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar
levels. It helps glucose, a type of sugar, enter cells
throughout the body, where it's used for energy.
138
Melatonin
sleep – pineal gland
139
Pituitary
A pea-sized body attached to the base of the brain, the
pituitary is important in controlling growth and
development and the functioning of the other
endocrine glands.
140
Thymus
T cells mature here
141
Adrenal Glands
on top of the kidney that provides a quick burst of
energy
142
Gonads
Reproductive glands
143
Ovary
estrogen – egg development- female pelvic cavity
144
Testis
Glands that produces sperm
145
Pancreas
both endocrine and exocrine
146
FSH
a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a
vital role in sexual development and reproduction in both
males and females
147
GH
growth hormone, stimulates bone growth, Somatotropin
148
Noradrenalin
a neurotransmitter and hormone that plays a crucial role in
the body's response to stress, anxiety, and fear
149
Calcitonin
a peptide hormone primarily produced by the
parafollicular cells (C-cells) of the thyroid gland. Its main
function is to regulate blood calcium levels by opposing
the actions of parathyroid hormone (PTH). It works by
inhibiting osteoclast activity, which breaks down bone,
and increasing calcium excretion in the kidneys.
150
Androgen
a peptide hormone primarily produced by the
parafollicular cells (C-cells) of the thyroid gland. Its main
function is to regulate blood calcium levels by opposing
the actions of parathyroid hormone (PTH). It works by
inhibiting osteoclast activity, which breaks down bone,
and increasing calcium excretion in the kidneys
151
Function of endocrine system
direct the activities of the body along with the nervous
system, slow response
152
cancer
a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell
growth and the ability of these cells to invade and spread
to other parts of the body
153
Gigantism
a condition characterized by abnormally excessive growth,
especially in height, during childhood. It's caused by an
overproduction of growth hormone
154
Diabetes
a chronic disease where the body either doesn't produce
enough insulin or can't effectively use the insulin it
produces
155
Acromegaly
a hormonal disorder characterized by the overproduction
of growth hormone (GH), typically caused by a benign
tumor in the pituitary gland
156
Estrogen
a steroid hormone primarily associated with the
development and maintenance of female reproductive
characteristics and the menstrual cycle
157
Progesterone
a steroid hormone that plays a crucial role in the female
reproductive system, particularly in the menstrual cycle
and pregnancy
158
T Cells
Mature in the thymus, lymphocyte
159
B Cells
lymphocyte
160
Killer T Cells
A type of immune cell that can kill certain cells, including
foreign cells, cancer cells, and cells infected with a virus
161
Helper T Cells
coordinating immune responses and activating other
immune cells
162
Suppressor T Cells
Regulatory T-cells that work to diminish the function of
other T-cells
163
Memory T and B Cells
Type of T cell that can live for decades and assist when you
are exposed to a pathogen a second time
