Aerobic Respiration
Breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to release a large amount of energy with carbon dioxide and water as waste products
Glucose + Oxygen ~ Carbon dioxide + water
This orocess releases a large amount of energy
Anaerobic Respiration
Breakdown of Glucose in the absence of oxygen to release a small akount of energy with lactic acid as waste product
Glucose ~ lactic acid
This process releases a small amount of energy
Where does gaseous exchange occur
Breathing- Takes in air containing oxygen to give out air containing carbon dioxide
Gaseous exchange occurs at the alveoli
Lactic acid
When lactic acid accumulates in the muscle, it causes muscle aches called muscle fatigue
Where is lactic acid broken down
In the liver
After a race,
After a race, Aerobic respiration occurs and oxygen taken is used for repaying the oxygen debt during anaerobic respiration.Lactic acid is gradually broke down in the liver, leading to a decrease in lactic acid in the muscles where muscle fatigue will gradually recover (heart rate, breathing rate & volume)
What reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood and breathlessness
carbon monoxide
What increases heart rate and cuases addiction
nicotine
What increases the risk of cancer due to uncontrolled cell division
Tar
What paralyses cilia and irritates airways
Irritants
What is an infectious disease
It is a transmissible illness caused by pathogens such as bascteria and viruses entering and infecting the bloodstream
What is the isdease caused by the pneumococcal bacterial
pneumococcal disease
Suggest why antibodies may not have work
The bacterial cells may developed antibiotics resistance. In a population of bacterial cells, some cells are more sensitive to the antibiotics while others are less sensitive. When the antibiotics are taken, bacterial cells that are more sensitive are killed while the others that are less sensitive may survive and multiply, increasing in numbers. Causing antibiotics resistance
What is vaccine
It contains an agent that resembles a pathogen and prevents diseases by stimulating white blood cells to quickly produce antibodies when the pathogen invades
How do vaccines work
Vaccines contain an agent that resembles a pathogen and prevents diseases by stimulating white blood cells to quickly produce antibodies when the pathogen invades
This stimulates the white blood cells to divide where they produce the antibidies to destory the agent in the vaccine.
So some of the white blood cells remain in the bloodstream so in the future when the actual pathogen enters and blood stream, they will recognise them and quickly produce antibodies to destroy it before it infects the cells
