Frontsheet 1 Flashcards

Question

Reaction of right to signing ToV

Answer 1

Growth in groups seeking overthrow republic Extremists believe politicians unfit to rule become known as November Criminals

Answer 2

War loans 1.44B mark debt Land loss & valuable resources reduced tax revenue Exports effected & allie-imposed tariffs Reparations Wider impact of defeat ex-soldiers' pensions gov wages wefare benefits subsidies & cheap credit to restart industry

Answer 3

Avoidance of tax raises & expenditure cutting Extension of loans Print more money Inflation quadrulped 1919-20 Value of mark fell 1922 worth 1% 1914 level 1914: $1 = 4.2 marks 1919: $1 = 8.9 marks Jan 1923: $1 = 17,972 marks By 1923 300 paper mills & 2000 printing firms worked 24/7

Answer 4

Value of gov debts reduced - accusation of deliberate failure to stop crisis Mortgages effectivly wiped out Industrialist easily take out loans buy businesses &pay back loans By 1924 Hugo Stinnes owned 1535 (20% industry) Rent increases not keep up with price increases Foreign currency retained value German goods cheaper aboad - better for exporting Famers could barter goods

Answer 5

Pensions not increase Savings worhtless Welfare not keep up with rate of price increases Wages not keep up est. 30% cut spending power Mittlestand/ small businesses costs increase faster than could raise prices Cost medical increase Rapid increase food prices widespread malnutrition, rickets &TB By1923 30%workforce fully employed

Answer 6

Given 6 days to sign reparations or breaching ToV Fehrenbach refused to sign & resigned Jan 1922 Reparations Committee suspended Jan&Feb payments recognised financial difficulties July 1922 asked for suspension for rest of year Nov 1922 asked for 500M mark loan & release for 3-4 yrs French suspected exaggeration of difficulties End 1922 fallen behind payments to France Jan 1923 French sent 60,000 troops to Ruhr

Answer 7

1923 progressed France & Belgium occupy whole Ruhr 100,000 men Took control of mines, factories, steelworks, railways & shops

Answer 8

Cuno knew could not use military to stop Stopped reparation payments Order policy passive resistance Guaranteed wages striking workers Army worked with local armed groups - commit acts of sabotage French: Set up courts to punish refusal to cooperate Expelled 15,000 Germans Responsible shooting 132 people Brought French workers to replace strikers

Answer 9

Taxation lost from business closure Payments to striking workers drained finances Used limited foreign currency to import coal Shortage in goods increased prices Cost est double annual reparations payment Print more money Jan 1923: $1 = 17,972 marks Aug 1923: $1 = 4.6M marks Nov 1923: $1 = 4.2T marks

Answer 10

Proportional representation & need for coalitions Lack of continuity undermined democratic system Extreme anti-democratic parties benefitted from lack of confidence in system As financial crisis grew worse more parties wanted overthrow

Answer 11

Strength pro-Rebublic parties decreased Strength parties extreme left & right increased Political balance shifted from moderate to extreme

Answer 12

KPD: 0 -> 4 USPD: 22 -> 83 SPD: 163 -> 103 Centre: 91 -> 64 DVP: 19 -> 65

Answer 13

5-13 Jan 1919 General strike with 100,000 workers Became armed uprising in Berlin Aim forcibly overthrow Ebert Poorly planned not supported by general public Ebert used army to brutally quash Army relied on Freikorps

Answer 14

150 revolutionaries killed including Luxemborg & Liebknecht Defeat enabled gov to hold elections to constitutional assembly Reliance on Freikorps allienated many on left

Answer 15

Berlin March Fights 1919 - lasted 2 weeks General strike led to street fights Approx. 2000 killed Bavarian Soviet Republic created April 1919 - lasted 1 month Overthrown by Army/Freikorps General strike in Ruhr 1920 (response to Kapp Putsch) - lasted 1 month 50,000 involved Brutally suppressed by Army/Freikorps Hamburg Uprising 1923 - lasted 3 days 5,000 involved - 100 killed Suppressed by police/army

Answer 16

Freikorps determination to stop revolution Ebert's use of Freikorps Not enough popular support Poor leadership & organisation Unrealistic expectation communist gov could be formed

Answer 17

Lost power & influence Support for authoritarianism & distrust of democracy Viewed Weimar gov as 'November Criminals' Dislike of ToV - 'Diktat' Hatred of KPD/fear of communism Growth of power/confidence Ebert's use of Freikorps

Answer 18

Feb 1920 Defense minister order 2 Freikorp groups outside Berlin disband Gen. von Luttwitz (CO) refused Ebert & Bauer order arrest 12 Mar Luttwitz march troops to Berlin - joined sympathetic officers (inc. Kapp) 13 Mar Issued proclamation Blamed left for crisis & argued strong right gov neccesary for stability Gov forced withdraw to Stuttgart & called army to crush Army refused to fire on Freikorps Kapp controlled Berlin 4 days Collapsed after Ebert called general strike & brought Berlin to standstill Kapp & Luttwitz fled Kapp died before trial Luttwitz retired not prosecuted Only 1/705 found guilty attempt overthow gov

Answer 19

Theat: Reveal weakness in Weimar Army loyalty w/ nationalits Army remained unchallenged Lenient treatment of those involved Not threat: Berlin people support Ebert Gov withstood threat

Answer 20

Extremists organised into 'Patriotic Leagues' most organised 'Organisation Consul'* Hugo Hasse Oct 1919 radical socialist Matthias Herzberger* Aug 1921 Member von Baden's gov led signing ToV Walter Rathenau* Jun 1922 Foeign Minister Anti-Semitic attack

Answer 21

Pol. assassinations by right: 354 Pol. assassinations by left: 22 Right murderers executed: 1 (326 unpunished) Left murderers executed: 10

Answer 22

June 1922 Law for the Protection of the Republic Imposed severe penalties for conspiracy to murder Banned extremist organisations eg. Consul Largely ineffective Bavarian gov refused implement Judges give more lenient sentences to right extremists (Rathenau murderer given 4 yrs in prison) Left treated harshly

Answer 23

Munich, Bavaria centre for anti-Weimar pol. parties Hitler joined DAP after state gov sent him to investigate Hitler pos. rose quickly in charge of propaganda support greatly increased Feb 1920 became NSDAP appeal to broad range Germans & distinguish from left socialism released 25 point programme (manifesto) 1921 Hitler became leader Created SA - largely former Freikorps Instructed disrupt left meetings By 1923 focussed violent overthrow Weimar still unknown in rest of Germany

Answer 24

Bavarian state leaders nationalist & wanted return authoritiarian gov Nov 1923 Stresemann ends passive resistance & begin reparation repayments angered Bavarian gov

Answer 25

1923 Kahr, Lossow & Seisser plan march Berlin Invite NSDAP & Hitler secures support Ludendorff 4 Nov leaders decide postpone Hitler decided to go ahead 8 Nov Hitler storms beer hall & force leaders support at gunpoint Kahr agrees to support then calls police SA & supporters rampage Munich - trash Jewish property 9 Nov Nazis march on Berlin met by police/army gun battle ensues 16 Nazis & 4 police killed Hitler fled & arrested 3 days later

Answer 26

Hitler found guilty treason 5 yr prison sentance released after 9 months Other Nazis found guilty immediately released Ludendorff not found guilty Hitler use trial as publicity opportunity turned him into national right hero

Frontsheet 1 Flashcards

(50 cards)