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Frontsheet 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Steps for economic stability (1)

A

End Ruhr Crisis
Sept 1923 passive resistance ends

Reparations begin again
Ruhr productive again
(essential to economy)
Not paying striking workers

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2
Q

Steps for economic stability (2)

A

Balance the budget

Spending cut
Taxes rasied

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3
Q

Steps for economic stability (3)

A

Issue new currency
Nov 1923

Stressemann & Schact
issue Rentenmark
1 RTM = 1T RCM

Money in circulation tightly controlled

By 1924 currency stabolised & inflation no longer problem
Reichsmark reissued

Savings remianed lost

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4
Q

Dawes Plan background

A

1924
Stresemann asked Allied ReparationCommittee to address repayment concerns

Owed France reparations

US wanted Britain & France paid so they could repay US war loans

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5
Q

Dawes Plan key agreements

A

Total reparations not reduced

Next annual instalment reduced to 1B marks
to gradually increase over 5 yrs
then based on industrial performance

Recieve 800M mark loan to start paln &invest in industry

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6
Q

Dawes Plan impact

A

Allies accept unable to pay
fulfillment succesful

French gradually left Ruhr

Loan helped begin economic recovery

Increased optimism for future

Right attack - believed reject

Stresemann saw as ‘economic armistice’
only agreed for loan

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7
Q

Young Plan background

A

1929
Intended to be temporary

Allies still in Rhineland

Reparation repayments stopped after Wall Street Crash

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8
Q

Young Plan key agreements

A

Total reparations reduced to £1.8B

Annual instalments increased over time
paid until 1988

Allied troops withdraw from Rhineland by 1930

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9
Q

Young Plan impact

A

Angered right

Hugenberg (DNVP leader)
& other right groups (inc. NSDAP)
launch national campaign for
‘freedom law’ - force gov reject Clause 231

Rasied enough support for referendum & Reichstag debate
Both voted against
but 13.8% voted for

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10
Q

Economic recovery
Investment

A

Positive:
1925-30 25.5B marks foreign investment
enable industrial reconstruction

Schact kept interest rates high
to attract foreign investment

Negative:
Foreign investment fell after 1929

Became reliant on short term foreign loans
not long term investment

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11
Q

Economic recovery
Industrial development & economic growth
Positive

A

National income 12% higher 1928 than 1913

Industry underwent ‘rationalisation’ (new methods/management/machines)

Advances in some industries eg. chemical/automobile/areoplanes

c. 90% coal & steel produced by cartels by 1925
increased profits

After 1925 tariffs on imports
many industries supported by gov subsidies

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12
Q

Economic recovery
Industrial development & economic growth
Negative

A

Economic growth unsteady
Growth 1924-5 & 1927

Cartels,tariffs & subsidies harmed competition
industry less efficient
ineffective industries artificially supported

Growth did not meet 1913 levels until 1929

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13
Q

Economic recovery
Standard of living

A

Postive:
Industrial workers wage increased
1927 real wage increased 9%
1928 increased 12%

Negative:
Mittelstand didn’t enjoy wage increases
some industrial workers earn more than white collar workers

Trade unions kept industrial wages artifcially high
reduced profits & middle-class income

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14
Q

Economic recovery
Industrial persuits

A

Postive:
Strikes decreased
1972 (1924) -> 351 (1926)
partly because arbitration made compulsory

Negative:
Strike action fluctuated
844 (1928)

Arbitration not always work
1928 workers in Ruhr ‘locked out’ after arbitrator said wages should increase

Many employers angry at state interference in working condtition

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15
Q

Economic recovery
Unemployment

A

1M unemployed end 1925
over 3M unemployed 1926
c. 1M 1928

Many companies began reduce workforce

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16
Q

Economic recovery
Agriculture

A

Positive:
Tariffs on food goods protected farmer’s profits

Negative:
Worldwide agricultureal depression
1929 production level <3/4 1914 levels

1923 gov made easier for farmers to get loans
many owed money could not repay
banks took farms & evicted
1928 series of farmer’s riots

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17
Q

Welfare Reforms 1919

A

Working days limted to 8 hrs
established in law & prevented employers exploiting workers
helped cut accident at work
unpopular with industrialists - affected profits

Government took responsiblity for aid of injured soldiers
helped thousands of veterans who faced homelessness & starvation
from lack of employment
popular with nationalists

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18
Q

Welfare reforms 1922

A

National Youth Welfare Act
required all local authorities to provide child protection & education

established legal necessity for each state to protect vulnerable children from abuse & neglect

compulsory all children entitled to free education
helped thousands achieve basic literary levels

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19
Q

Welfare reforms 1924

A

Public Assistance System

provided more extensive & easier to access support for those in extreme poverty

helped avoid malnutrition & homelessness

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20
Q

Welfare reforms 1927

A

National Insurance System

provided essential income

helped tens of thousands of families
who faced homelessness due to loss of employment
helped avoid destitution

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21
Q

Negative impact of welare reforms

A

Expensive to implement
before 1922 solution print more money
after 1924 taxes increased - unpopular

Tried to reduce costs through means tests
many felt humiliated (especially veterans)
indermined support in gov

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22
Q

Living standards
The poor

A

Experienced most change & benefit for welfare reforms

Loans helped finance public works programmes
benefitted from imporved availablity of services & jobs created

18.4% working class unemployed 1926
reduced income & living standards for 2M families

Means tests deterred manyfamilies from applying - led to abject povety

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23
Q

Living Standards
Working class

A

Constitution enshrined trade union powers- often supported workers overemployers

1919 Health Insurance Scheme extended to dependent women &disabled people

Increased wages

Many working days lost to stikes - lost income

Rationalisation meant many industries reduced workforce
high unemployment in some towns

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24
Q

Living Standards
Mittelstand

A

Hit hardest by hyperinflation
never regained level of wealth & living standard

Not recoup lost of hyperinflation

Most civil servants lost jobs & had wages cut

Taxs for indivudals & businesses increased
hit small business owners

Unemployment levels included soem skilled workers

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25
Living Standards Industrialists
Most big businesses signifficant improvement in demand & profit after 1924 End hyperinflation brought confidence & better climate for business Benefitted from improved trading position Unemployment shows companies lacked demand &profits were falling Increased taxes after 1924 damaged profit
26
Living Standards Farmers
Did not benefit from reforms & remained in state agricultural depression Tariffs on food imports had limited but positive impact on demand Increased taxes imposed a burden Many owed money counld not repay banks took farms & evicted farmers
27
Key features of 'new woman'
Independent able support herself finanacially possibly single & living alone c. 10,000 teachers & 3,000 doctors Visible in public life 1919 held 10% Reichstag seats by 1925 36% workforce some trained to be lawyes & doctors Equality in marriage/sexually liberated/more choice & freedom birth control widely available abortions increased birth rate declined divorce rated increased
28
Why people believe women's lives had changed
Impact WW1 more women needed in employment/fewer men to marry Constitution improved legal position Media cultivated idea of 'new woman' Marlene Dietrich in film 'The Blue Angel'
29
Ways women lives remained the same
Most popular women's group in 1920 was League of German Women (BDF) promoted trad family values &maternal responsiblity Abortion remained criminal offence decline in birth rate & 'selfishness' of women attacked by press Church condemned birth control/abortion/divorce Civil Code of 1896 meant husband had control of decisions concerning all matters of family life Post WW1 many had to leave jobs to give to men press attacked women as 'selfish double earners' No female members of Reichsrat/gov & no female party leaders
30
Position of Jewish people
500,000 Jews lived in Germany 1925 <1% population Made up significant proportion politicians/bankers/journalists/professionals Reason: Migrated Jews tended better qualified Exclusion from mainstream society led to self-sufficiency Judaism allowed some money lending - unlike Christianity Anti-Semitic reason: Belief Germany overrun 'Jewish Conspiracy'
31
Evidence Jews assimilated by 1930
Prominent in important professions 16% lawyers & 11% doctors Leading political figures Jewish eg. Walter Rathenau & Theodor Wolff Jewish companies successful 1/2 cloth firms Jewish owned Rathenau family led electrical giant AEG Significant in Geman academia 9/24 German Nobel prizes before 1938
32
Evidence Jews isolated by 1930
Jewish banks appeared dispropotionally powerful to some non-Jews families eg. Rothschilds owned 50% private banks Right claimed & spread fear Jews association with left eg. Hasse &Luxemburg Jews Few Jewish run businesses in Ruhr Target of anti-Semitic attacks & propaganda
33
Concerns young people becoming increasing problem
Breaking free from control constraints of family/school/religion 17% unemployed were 14-23 (1924-26) Increased no. young boys joining youth gangs/cliques looking for sense comradeship & adventure Increase youth crime & anti-social behaviour
34
Changes to education
Introduced elementary school free comprehensive schools to break down class divide based on secular lines Those who didn't enter Gymnasium could continue for 4 further yrs improved educational outcomes Many children continued attend Church schools
35
Influence of Church on youth
Catholic & Protestants had youth groups Catholic groups more members than Protestant Catholics aimed at different societal groups eg. 'New Germany' for middle class children Aimed to teach religious doctrine loyalty & respect for church/family
36
Political youth groups
SPD Social Democratic Youth Movement Founded 1925 Had most members KPD Young Communist League Founded 1925 For party members children DNVP Bismarck Youth Founded 1922 42,000 members by 1928 mostly middle/upper class youth Strong working-class membership in Berlin NSDAP Hitler Youth Grew slowly 1920s had 13,000 members in 1929
37
Wandervogel
Set up 1896 spread quickly 1920s Mostly middle class boys Officially non-political highly nationalistic Hated industrialists & big cities extreme groups rejected social conventions & practiced vegetarianism/nudism
38
Youth cliques
Largely working class Welfare improvements helped some jobless youth Increasing working class joined gangs to find comradeship/support/adventure Red Apaches & Farmers' Fear in Hamburg had own uniforms & flags Alcohol part of culture challenges maybe set to prove themselves eg. vandalism & theft image of toughness/aggression/masculinity
39
Development of art
Expressionism became predominant believed work express meaning/emotion not physical reality Artists Kandinsky Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
40
Development of literature
Adopted free form writing from expressionism focused on character's internal mental state not external social realities Authors revolt against parental authority All Quiet on the Western Front highly critical of older generations who sent young men to war
41
Development of Architecture
Bauhaus influential school taught art, design & photography too Students encouraged break down barriers between art & design incorporating new materials into design
42
Development of theatre
Sets stark & plays relied on abstraction & symbolism to convey messages from expressionism Plays attacked capitalism, nationalism & war Brecht & Weill playwrights 'Threepenny Opera' shocking villains respectable middle class heroes criminals & prostitutes Right called new artists 'cultural bolsheviks'
43
Development of music
Hindemith & Schoenberg composers Schoenberg attempted convey powerful emotion but avoided trad forms of beauty associated with 'atonal' music
44
Development of film
Lang, Wilder, von Sternberg Jewish producers Marlene Dietrich played Lola in The Blue Angel controversial as she was sexy singer in nightclub who seduces innocent professor
45
Development in nightclubs
New vibrant clubs found in Berlin Challenged trad values: renowned for cabaret - featured nudity gay men, lesbians & transvestites expressed sexuality freely
46
Evidence cultural change limited/unpopular
Little change rural areas/small towns Fear from right change brought unwelcome foreign influence Modern culture viewed by conservatives as decadent, immoral & un-German Changes provoked fierce conservative reaction as enemies to Republic fought change
47
Election of Hindenburg (results)
April 925 Hindenburg (DVP/DNVP): 48.3% Marx (Centre): 45.3% Thälmann (KPD): 6.4%
48
Impact of Hindenburg's election
Symbol military/authoritarian past gave hope moving away parliamentary democracy Political stability proved loyal to supporting constitution & not abusing power first 5 yrs Helped gain support right for democracy increased legitimacy to right less extremism & greater stability Coalitions continued short lived By 1930 impatient w/ parties increasingly used Article 48 in interest army/nationalist elites
49
Political stability by 1928
After 1923 politics more peaceful No attempted coup/major political assassinations Frequent fights between SA & KPD By 1928 72.8% vote pro-Weimar Coalition parties tend stick to own principles constant bargaining & manoeuvring discredited parliamentary democracy Army/judiciary/civil service remain unreformed Industrialists resent burden of welfare state
50
Political statistics
SPD in coalitions Feb & June 1919 Mar 1920 May 1921 Aug 1923 June 1928 stopped jointing due to welfare cuts Right joined coalitions after 1920 more so after 1924 1924 pro-repulican parties collectively 61% (May) & 67% (Dec)
51
International position 1923
Isolated start 1924 few allies & excluded from LoN France & Britain did not trust to adhere to ToV after 1922 reparations failure maintain military presence in Rhineland
52
Foreign policy goals 1919-1933
Revise ToV terms Extreme right wanted confrontational approach total rejection & rearmament - take boarders by force Moderates wanted cooperative approach policy of fulfillment &working with allies to revise terms
53
Locarno Pact
Oct 1925 Germany, France, Britain, Italy & US met on Stresesmann's suggestion wished to restore international position & prevent hostile Britain/France alliance Rhineland Pact & Arbitration Treaties collectively Locarno
54
Rhineland Pact
Germany/France/Belgium promise respect western frontier agreed in ToV Germany keep troops from Rhineland Britain/Italy agree help Germany/France/Belgium if neighbour attacked
55
Abritration Treaties
Germany/France/Belgium/Poland/Czechoslovakia agree any dispute settled by conciliation committee France promises support Poland/Czechoslovakia if Germany not agree but France not allowed cross into Germany
56
Locarno success for Germany [4]
France can never invade again French troops withdraw from Rhineland achieved over 5 yrs Eastern boarder not fixed like western left open possibility to revise eastern Established pos as equal partner
57
Locarno success for other countries [4]
Germany recognise western boarder imposed by ToV - first time French guarenteed support if Germany attacked again Stresemann appeased Allies & given too much away (opinion of nationalists) Confirms loss of Alsace-Lorraine
58
League of Nations
Allowed join 1926 Significant improvement to international status
59
Relations with USSR
Similarities led to working relationship: lost war exclusion for LoN treat as 'outcasts' by victorious countries resented existence strong independent Poland Signed Treaty of Rapallo & Treaty of Berlin
60
Treaty of Rapallo
1922 organised by Walter Rathenau Resume peaceful diplomatic relations Trade & cooperate economically Outstanding reparations claims dropped eg. from Brest-Litovsk Germany allowed develop new weapons & train pilots in Russia
61
Treaty of Berlin
April 1926 Renewed Rapallo Added clause if USSR involved in war Germany stays neutral Shows Stresemann not abandoned attempts to revise eastern frontier
62
Kellogg-Briand Pact
1928 Kellogg - US Sectratary of State & Briand - French Forign Minister drew up international agreement Voluntarily agree to renounce use of offensive weapons to resolve disputes Symbolic importance international agreement to avoid war no enforcement mechanism so limited effectivness
63
Secret rearmament (weapons)
Sought ways to circumvent disarmamant clasue Agreement build submarines in Spain tanks/artillary in Sweden Allowed to keep up with advances not build fully operational force
64
Secret rearmament (army)
Gen. von Seeckt found ways around limit 1. train recruits expensively for short period then place in reserves 2. Sponsor paramilitary groups even after Freikorps disbanding Army generals dealt directly with Russian forces kept 'secret' from politicians but tacitly approved by them
65
End of allied occupation
Fulfilment secured withdraw by 1930 Compromises made by both France & Germany Dawes & Locarno show German wilingness to cooperate some withdraw begins Young finalised reparations issues remaining forces withdraw 5 yrs ahead ToV schedule
66
1928 international position
Period of isolation ended alliance w/ US, Russia & LoN membership Won trust of west & gained benefits Rebuilt relations w/ Russia & Spain used to help begin rearmament make less vulnerable

Germany (7 decks)

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