Frontsheet 4 Flashcards

Question

Resistance by Protestant Church

Answer 1

Pastors Emergency League created 1933 developed into Confessional Church 1934 led by pastors - not party members refused to become part of coordinated state church aimed: ↳maintain independence/ideology ↳resist imposing 'Aryan paragraph' from Law for the Reconstruction of the Professional Civil Service insisted any pastor converted from Judaism purged from church Pastors spoke out in sermons about regime & 'Nazified Christ' many churches refused display swastika mass demonstrations following arrest of 2 pastors Martin Niemoller welcomed Hitler's appointment but opposed interference in church ↳anti-Semitic but opposed Aryan paragraph ↳arrest 1937 acquitted but quickly rearrested sent to [camp] - repudiated anti-Semitic views

Answer 2

Pastors had salaries stopped & banned from teaching By end 1937 over 700 pastors imprisoned Most members confessional church swore loyalty to Hitler

Answer 3

1937 Pope issued 'With Burning Grief' condemning Nazis Von Galen (Archbishop of Munster) issued pamphlets & gave sermons disagreeing w/ atheist ideologists 19,000 Catholics supported him in annual July church procession in Munster

Answer 4

Increased repression & more priests charged w/ 'abuse of the pulpit' Some individual priests opposed but church preferred to maintain own position

Answer 5

Gen. Blomberg (defence minister) & Gen. Fritsch (Commander-in-chief) expressed doubts after plan to annex Austria & invade Czechoslovakia announced ↳Hitler purged from army & replace w/ more compliant generals Late Sept 1938 army order prepare to invade Czechoslovakia Gen. Beck (head of army) & other senior figures plotted remove Hitler ↳abandoned when Britain/France allow take over of Sudetenland

Answer 6

Mid 1930s growing signs of disillusionment Resentment at increased discipline of HJ Act of non-conformity eg. allowing HJ/BDM members lapse not attending weekly parades humming banned turned at meetings Nothing more than teenage rebelliousness but regime view non-conformity as threat Formation of cliques some criminal/some political Meuten gangs (political group) flourished in old communist strongholds

Answer 7

Head of the Ministry of Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda All forms of media had to register to get work approved Hoped to indoctrinate public & achieve Gleichschaltung/Volksgemeinschaft through propaganda/censorship

Answer 8

By end 1933 Nazis bought 27 daily newspapers most important Völkischer Beobachter News agencies that gave press information merged into state-controlled organisations

Answer 9

Hitler/Goebbels believed spoken word more impactful than written communication Hitler made 50 broadcasts in 1933 alone Loud speakers set up in town squares/factories so everyone could hear important speeches work stopped so everyone could listen Goebbels promoted mass production & sale of cheap radios by 1939 70% households owned radio Apr 1934 all stations brought under control of Reich Radio Company

Answer 10

Goebbels personally approved every film made in Germany after 1933 foreign films vetted for political/racial content most American films banned 1933-45 over 1,000 feature films made in Germany cinema audiences increased fourfold 14% approved films had political themes ↳leadership glorified ↳'Blood and soil' common theme ↳Jews/communists demonised ↳films w/ anti-war messages banned

Answer 11

Used to display order/discipline of party/regime Made theatrical by wearing uniforms & medals carrying banners & singing party songs Torchlight processions effective in capturing public's attention Ordinary people expected show support by hanging swastika flag block leaders report failure to Gestapo Images manipulated & result of 'stage management' Nuremberg rally most important propanganda event up to 100,000 party members attended event choreographed to produce most impact

Answer 12

Visually striking to attract attention to promote ideals & policies Aimed at specific groups helped indoctrination Remained core method of promoting key themes

Answer 13

Hitler believed only Aryans capable of producing true art Viewed 'degenerate' art of Weimar unpatriotic & evidence of racial decline Promoted art that glorified healthy/strong/heroic

Answer 14

May 1933 Nazi students led by SA had bonfire of approx. 20,000 books believed to be 'un-German' Replicated in 19 other uni towns Reasons for burning inc.: written by Jewish/Marist/Socialist authors promoted birth control/feminism

Answer 15

Hitler presented as distinguished from other politicians Portrayed as 'man of the people' Aimed to convince people ↳hard-working/tough/uncompromising in defeating internal/external enemies ↳political genius responsible for 'national reawakening' & saving nation from Weimar & shackles of ToV ↳strong & led nation w/ strength compared to weak leadership of Weimar politicians ↳sacrificed own happiness to devote himself to his people ↳he was guardian of trad morality & justice

Answer 16

Allowed other Nazis to lead policy & rarely involved himself He surrounded himself w/ officials fighting to gain his attention Supplied vague visions & they turned it into detailed & ensure implementation ("working towards the Fürher") He avoided Berlin & discussion of policy stayed up late & got out of bed around mid-day spent most time eating/walking around country retreat Speeches were long/rambling/often abstract avoided specific detail Officials had difficulty getting him to make decisions

Answer 17

High output/investment/confidence/agricultural production No unemployment Stable currency Self-sufficiency (autarky)

Answer 18

Recovery from depression (short-term) Long term: Build economy ready for way (militarism) All area of economy under state control (corporatism) conflicts w/ popularity Self-sufficiency (autarky) conflicts w/ rearmament Removal of Jewish people from all aspects of economy (Aryanisation) conflicts w/ recovery

Answer 19

Helped Nazi's raise funds from industrialists Mar 1933 made President of Reichsbank resigned 1939 Aug 1934 made Economics Minister resigned 1937 Supported anti-Nazi resistance sent to [camp] 1945

Answer 20

Jobs created through public works schemes gov investment increased threefold 1933-36 ↳unemployment falling pre-1933 policy reduced faster 2M 1935 ↳stats excluded married women/Jews Employed building autobahns success exaggerated in propaganda ↳only 125,000 employed at once building slowed 1938 ↳few owned cars Reich Labour Service (RAD) created 1935 men 19-25 sent to do 6 months labours ↳involved 400,000 men Conscription reintroduced broke ToV ↳removed 1.8M men from labour force

Answer 21

58% fall 1929-33 Public works programmes Grant/subsidies for businesses ↳even Jewish department store Bertie's received until 1938 State control of wages & prices Suspended all public debt repayments Industrial production increased 60% 1933-36 GNP increased 40% Food shortages/rising prices/lower standard of living ↳people started to become disillusioned

Answer 22

Tax relief for farmers tariffs on food imports Created Reich Food Estate planned production & delivered subsidies Laws guaranteed farmers security from eviction 1929-39 output increased 20% 1933-38 farmers income increased 41% Self-sufficient in bread/grain/potatoes/sugar/meat by 1939 Increased output led to labour shortages food consumption fell c 5% per person

Answer 23

Exports fell 61% 1929-33 Exports grew as economy recovered Imports remained higher led to shortage foreign currency & balance of trade deficit Imposed control of imports gov prioritised goods eg. raw cotton imports forbidden - metal encouraged relied on imports eg. rubber Bilateral trade agreement w/ Romania & Hungary Germany import food/raw materials but paid in Reichsmarks ↳increased demand for goods & supply of foreign currency

Answer 24

By 1935 Hitler ordered faster pace had to borrow money & control inflation Gov issued Mefo Bills could be converted into Reichsmarks in 5 yrs w/ 4% interest 1937 - 12B marks of bills issued allowed immediate/secret rearmament Gov incentives for private industry to produce armaments increased jobs & output expenditure increased 70% ↳firms used up resources that could be used for consumer goods known as choice between "guns or butter"

Answer 25

1936 Propaganda declared 'battle for work' done Hitler wanted expansion of rearmament Hitler wanted full mobilisation for war by 1940 to achieve Lebensraum

Answer 26

Göring Gov control of labour/prices/raw materials /foreign currency ↳wages rose - so did prices ↳workers had compulsory contribution to DAF taken ↳had divert resources away to consumer goods to avoid resentment ↳2/3 self-sufficiency in raw materials Gov set production targets for private companies failed led to denial of raw materials/closure ↳Göring not meet explosives target target 223,000t produced 45,000t 1938 (1936 = 18,000t) Establish state owned industrial plants Increased output essential products eg. iron/steel/chemicals shortage of workers by 1939 in some industries - hampered increase Encouraged R&D in production of ersatz goods to replace need for imports eg. artificial rubber/extraction oil from coal Increased grants for fertilisers/machinery to increased agricultural output/replace imports ↳virtually self-sufficient in production food except fats by 1939 ↳consumption of food declined eg. meat/fruits/eggs Propaganda encouraged all help achieve autarky ↳scrape metal collected from homes/fences/railing/iron lampposts to be melted down ↳HJ coordinated collection pots/pans ↳Gestapo reported resentment at sacrifices

Answer 27

Hitler reassured socialist elements suppressed initially eg. banning trade unions Revival of economy helped businesses thrive 4 yr plan led to increased to increased profits IG. Farben profits increased 71M (1935) -> 240M (1940) Many business leaders not welcome state intervention eg. wished access cheaper/higher quality imported iron ore ↳Göring overcame by creating 'Hermann Göring Steelworks' nationalised control of iron ore/coal mining/smelting process Small businesses squeezed out by big coal/steel dominated economy

Answer 28

Volksgemeinschaft needed ordinary people forgo personal freedoms & give labour Gleischaltung tries to trade unions/left parties most not vote NSDAP ↳made biggest threat to Gleichscaltung Rearmament needed workers so could not be ignored

Answer 29

DAF est. 6 May 1933 leader Robert Ley Took over role trade unions Membership not compulsory ↳only official body representing workers Main aim increased production to support rearmament

Answer 30

Included employees & employers worked in interest of employers/state Gave workers no role in bargaining wages Had propaganda department spread ideology through working class Built up business empire inc. banks/travel&housing associations/construction companies By 1936 ove 35M members By 1939 44,500 paid employees

Answer 31

KdF Subgroup DAF organised leisure time ∴ more productive/efficient at work Encouraged workers see bigger picture Volksgemeinschaft Leave no time for non-Nazi coordinated activities main aim indoctrination Bring together people from across country bring into Volksgemeinschaft Encourage participation in sport employed youth requ. 2hr PE a week rearmament Encourage competition/ambition competition for apprentices improves skill/standard of work

Answer 32

KdF wardens in every workplace w/ >20 people 7,000 paid employees Membership automatic w/ DAF

Answer 33

Offered opportunities not available before helped gain support for regime Gap between propaganda/reality tickets for cruises/holidays too expensive for working class 10% cruise passengers working class littler mixing between classes despite Volksgemeinschaft

Answer 34

SdA Department of KdF devoted to improving working conditions Aim make workers work harder/more productive Encouraged better washing facilities in factories canteens provide hot nutritious food Resulted 34,000 companies improve facilities by 1938 ↳workers had to bear costs & build/decorate in own time for no extra pay

Answer 35

Indoctrinate so they were: ready to serve nation completely committed to Nazi values Obedient to Nazis/Führer All organisations Nazified

Answer 36

Hitler Youth created 1926 ↳after 1933 all groups banned/taken over by HJ (except Catholic church's) ↳1936 Law for the Incorporation of German Youth gave HJ status official education movement & banned Catholic groups ↳1939 membership compulsory ↳boys prepared for future as soldiers & asked swear oath of allegiance to Führer ↳Jan 1933 60,000 members 1939 9M members ↳initially well received late 1930s enthusiasm waned poor attendance at weekly parades became more rigid/bureaucratic League of German Girls ↳aimed prepare girls to be housewives/mothers ↳membership compulsory 1939 ↳many found liberating doing things mothers not allowed to ↳racial awareness important element Jutta Rüdiger (leader) told girls responsible for ensuring partner carried German blood ↳after 1934 up to age 25 expected do yrs work on land/domestic service made compulsory 1939 city girls tried avoiding

Answer 37

1933 Law for the Reconstruction of the Professional Civil Service dismissed politically unreliable/Jewish teachers Teachers pressured into National Socialist Teachers' League many happily joined Textbooks vetted & rewritten From 1935 Ministry of Education issued directives on what's taught by 1938 directives covered every yr & most subjects Curriculum to inculcate PE - prepare for military service & practice military drills German - study trad stories to instil shared heritage ('German consciousness') Biology - discussion race/heredity emphasised survival of the fittest Geography - develop Lebensraum 'blood & soil' racial superiority ideas

Answer 38

Less importance in academics stressed importance of PE/political indoctrination Attendance decreased 1933-39 ↳10% female students ↳1.5% Jewish Access rationed & selected on political reliability Law for the Reconstruction of the Professional Civil Service dismissed 1,200 staff on racial/political grounds All teachers made sign Declaration in Support of Hitler and the National Socialist State Students had to join German Students League 25% managed not join Students forced complete 4 months labour service & 2 months in SA camps Nazis considered more important than academics

Answer 39

Increase birth rate Establish trad role ↳Regime discouraged women holding jobs slogan 'Kinder, Küche, Kirche'

Answer 40

Propaganda raised status housewives/mothers portrayed 'new women' degenerate/un-German 1933 women dismissed from senior civil service roles/medical profession 1936 banned from being judges/lawyers/teachers Offered 600 marks loan if left work & married Aryan man repayment reduced by 1/4 for every child had Maternity services/childcare improved Taxes lowered for couples w/ children Birth control discouraged & abortions severely restricted 'Mother's Cross' given to those 'donated' baby to Führer Bronze=4/5 Silver=6/7 Gold=8+ From 1935 Lebensborn programme paired unmarried women (that could prove Aryan background) w/ SS officers to get pregnant c. 8,000 children born 'undesirable' women forced sterilisation Encouraged healthy lifestyle

Answer 41

German Women's League (DFW) coordinated women's groups domestic science department advised on cooking/healthy eating The National Socialist Women's Organisation (NS-F) select elite organisation promoted 'love life, marriage, family, blood and race' The Reich Mother's Service (RMD) branch DFW trained women to understand importance of motherhood

Answer 42

Middle class probably suffered from restriction Many happy to stay at home than work long hours Nazi ideas extreme views of conservative organisation/Catholic Church before Nazis came to power no significant change until after 1939

Answer 43

1933-39 birth rate increased 14 babies per 1000 women -> 21 Marriages increased 516,000 (1932) -> 740,000 (1934) Only 10% university students Divorce rate increased from 1938 DFW had 6M members by 1939 70% not party of NSDAP 1.7M trained by RMD Marriage/birth increases may be due to prosperity not specific policy Workers shortage meant after 1937 expected to do 'duty year' of work

Answer 44

58% Protestant 32% Catholic Catholicism stronger organisation

Answer 45

Germany Christian nation Christianity presented powerful rival set of belief Churches independent/well organised/influential bodies Common ground between Nazis & church

Answer 46

1933 signed concordat Nazis not interfere w/ church & church not involved in politics Catholic trade union voluntarily disbanded

Answer 47

Hitler increasingly dictated policy Leading Catholics killed in Night of the Long Knives Catholic organisations shut down & priests watched by Gestapo

Answer 48

Initially not opposed 1935-36 individual priests expressed criticism Catholic newspapers censored & meetings restricted 1937 Pope issues 'With Burning Grief' declaring Nazis hostile to Christ Von Galen used sermons to protest euthanasia of disabled Retaliation - schools/organisation closed down 200 priests arrested on sex charges Did not mount organised resistance as a whole By 1939 lost influence particularly among youth & most believed in Hitler myth older Catholics privately retained support for Church

Answer 49

Anti-Semitism Anti-communism Regime turned 450th anniversary of Martin Luther's birthday into mass celebration

Answer 50

1933 Hitler pressured all to unite into 'Reich Church' Adopted Ayran paragraph & removed 18 non-Aryan ministers Some pastors wore Nazi uniforms

Answer 51

Ministers led by Niemöller & Bonhoeffer set up 'Confessional Church' based on bible not Nazi ideas ↳over 6,000 ministers joined only 2,000 left in Reich Church ↳800 ministers arrested inc. Niemöller Nazis abolished church schools & party members not allowed hold position in Church But 1939 Protestant population fell to 54%

Answer 52

Nazis tried introduce own religion Involved pagan style worship of nature/the seasons/Hitler Not receive much support

Answer 53

Jehovah's Witnesses refused to join army/support Nazis many sent to [camps] Salvation Army, Christian Scientists & 7th Day Adventists suppressed