Frontsheet 5 Flashcards

Question

Voluntary emigration

Answer 1

Mar 1933 - Nov 1938 c. 150,000 Jews voluntarily emigrated Low number ∵ People did not want to leave homes/friends/country People not have financial means/visa/passport requ. People not realise persecution would become worse

Answer 2

Hitler used to showcase success of regime Order toning down anti-Semitic propaganda & discrimination

Answer 3

Hitler more confident in position Establishment of totalitarian state Success in foreign policy Propaganda success

Answer 4

March 1938 Anschluss w/ Austria 183,000 Austrian Jews lost property/employment/rights over 1,500 sent to [camps] inconsistent w/ policy (sending isolated incident) over 500 committed suicide within 1 month ∵ oppression Sept 1938 - Mar 1939 Takeover of Czechoslovakia increased Hitler's confidence encouraged further radicalisation justified as at war Success of policy in Austria prompted more radical policy in Germany Apr 1938 Decree for the Registration of Jewish Property property worth > 5,000 marks confiscated c. 32,000 Jewish businesses closed down Oct 1938 Jewish passports stamped w/ 'J'

Answer 5

Propaganda portrayed as outpouring of anti-Semitic feeling led by German people after 19 yr old Jewish boy assassinated Nazi official in Paris ↳boy blamed for killing - didn't actually Pre-planned organised & led by Nazis particularly Goebbels & Göring officials/SA secretly organised violence/vandalism prevented police/fire services from interfering Symbolic date for Nazis 15th anniversary of Munich Putsch

Answer 6

9-10 Nov 1938 Severe escalation in policy Shops/houses/businesses brutally attacked w/ more violence than anything prev. experienced 91 Jews killed over 200 synagogues burnt ↳fire brigade only watched over 30,000 Jewish men sent to [camps] ↳first mass imprisonment over 1M marks damage done ↳Jews had to pay for clean up

Answer 7

Support: Many joined violence led by SA Looting of businesses common & many benefitted from Aryanisation of Jewish businesses No widespread defiance (like 1933 boycott) & no open condemnation/opposition Fire brigade/police/local gov made no attempts stop violence unless non-Jews targeted Opposition: Some SA/local officials defied orders Berlin police chief stopped SA burning main synagogue Many Germans privately horrified Some talked about it opening eyes to true nature of regime police state deterred from speaking out

Answer 8

Göring announced 'gloves are off' 12 Nov 1938 Decree Excluding Jews from German Economic Life remaining Jewish businesses aryanised or shut down Jews banned from working as estate agents/security guards/travelling salesman 19 Nov 1938 Jews lost access to public welfare 1939 had to take 'Sarah' or 'Israel' as additional first name Hitler turned down suggestion of wearing yellow star at this point became German law 1941

Answer 9

Mar 1938 - onward Eichmann opened Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Austria Nazis used threat of seizure of property to force Jews to leave 45,000 Austrian Jews forced emigrated Jan 1939 Goering used Eichmann's model to open Reich Central Office for Jewish Emigration led by Eichmann & Heydrich Forced Jews to arrange own emigration & used confiscation of property as incentive Remained hard for Jews to leave many refused to accept Jewish refugees 1938-40 approx. 9,000 Jewish children travelled to Britain & lived w/ volunteers as part of Kindertransport

Answer 10

Jan 1933: 525,000 June 1933: 505,000 1939: 234,000

Answer 11

Aryanisation clear from 25PP -> Nuremberg Laws -> Reich Central Office for Jewish Emigration Belief in Social Darwinism Aryans viewed as Herrenvolk & Jewishness defined as race not religion Methods got consistently harsher Propaganda consistently dehumanised Jews Consistently tried to make Jew leave Germany Jewish businesses consistently targeted Legislation consistently segregated Jews

Answer 12

Austrian Jews treated inconsistently policy implemented earlier in Austria Definition of Jewishness inconsistency applied Policy became increasingly harsh Mass arrests only began after Kristnallnacht Policy sometimes confusing & contradictory eg. confiscation of property made it harder for Jews to leave Nazis subsidised Jewish businesses Nazi leaders had different views on how to treat Jews eg. Schacht wanted to prioritise economy

Answer 13

War gave regime greater emergency powers & cover of greater secrecy Hitler now worked towards creation of Judenfrei German Empire Annexed land in the west to be part of 'Greater Germany' as mainly populated by German speakers Central part of country named 'General Government of Poland' Focus shifted to deportation/resettlement of Jews from German & western Poland to General Government area ↳transported to create Lebensraum ↳approx. 2M Polish Jews resettled (considered untermenschen) Eichmann began deportation of 70,000 Polish Jews Hitler demanded 300,000 German Jews deported & all Viennen Jews removed Governor of General Government area reported inability to cope w/ influx ∴ arrived to awful living conditions

Answer 14

Feb 1940 Lodz Ghetto set up (first ghetto) housed most 320,000 Jews from city ↳rest forced into work gangs & accommodated in temporary barracks Jewish Council of Elders responsible for food/housing/finances/security/accommodation Home confiscated when sent to ghetto force to sell valuables to buy food many force to work for no wage overcrowded - aver. 15 people shared small apartment disease & infection spread quickly Can be viewed as failure of regime to plan in advance using of Jew forced out of home by Aryanisation of Western Poland Can be seen as well-planned scheme to eliminate Jews used to increase death rate Oct 1940 Warsaw ghetto created > 40,000 Jews lived there w/ small no. Gypsies Food at starvation levels ↳aver. 300 calories per day malnutrition led to disease (eg. typhus) > 100,000 died (1940-41) many worked to death carrying out hard labour

Answer 15

Food bought on black market & smuggled into ghettoes Continued to have prayer meetings & observe religious festivals Organised illegal schools Illegal printing presses Many avoided confrontation & were waiting it out believed fall of regime would come not predicting worse treatment

Answer 16

Mandatory wearing on armbands introduced in Poland shortly after invasion ↳introduced in Germany 1941 Aimed to isolate/dehumanise as different (eg. inferior) to everyone else Failure/refusal to wear risked severe punishment even death

Answer 17

1940 Relocate French occupants of island & transport 4M European Jews there Intended to make conditions deliberately harsh to help reduction of Jewish population through 'natural wastage' Dominance of British Navy made transportation by boat unfeasible & plans for removal to Serbia drafted instead

Answer 18

To stop Jews colluding w/ Allies & acting against the state Nov 1939 Jews banned from buying radios & existing ones confiscated Regulation requiring Jews obtain travel permits tightened To help direct rations to non-Jews Dec 1939 Jew banned from buying chocolate 1940 excluded from entitlement to war time rations of clothes/shoes July 1940 order issued limited time Jews could enter shops eg. Berlin 16.00 - 17.00 To help identification & enforcement of above restrictions Dec 1941 ordered wearing Star of David

Answer 19

Area occupied had 3M Jews War w/ Russia portrayed as 'racial' war linked to Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy & belief in inferiority of Slavic people justified more radical treatment of Jews Segregation/deportation less practical due to nature of war & scale of problem murder more efficient way of achieving Aryanisation

Answer 20

Special units of SS & SD assigned to identify/eliminate possible enemies as they entered countries eg. Romania & Ukraine Seized property/prevented sabotage/recruited local collaborators Shot men/women/children in round-ups of communities May 1941 Hitler & Himmler directed formation of 4 units before attack on Russia units organised by Heydrich Followed German advances into Russia came directly into communities & massacred Jews contrasts later method of deporting to kill centres

Answer 21

July 1941 Goering ordered them to kill communist party officials & Jewish sympathisers Killed 1.3M - 2M Jews in mass shootings Victims inc.: Jews Roma Officials of Soviet state & Soviet Communist Party Residents of institutions for mentally/physically disabled (thousands) At first shot primarily Jewish men By late summer 1941 Himmler noted psychological burden of mass shooting on his men requested more convenient mode of killing be developed resulted in mobile gas chambers which used CO from truck's exhaust to kill made first appearance on eastern front late autumn 1941 By spring 1943 killed over 1M Soviet Jews tens of thousands of: political commissars partisans Roma institutionalised disabled people