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Frontsheet 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Impact of Wall Street Crash

A

World demand fell
Germany exported fewer goods

US banks demand return of short-term loans

Many banks/businesses went bankrupt

Businesses/customers lost confidence

Wages/hours cut

Unemployment & poverty increased

Confidence in Weimar fell
increased support for extremists

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2
Q

Economic Impact of the Depression
Banks

A

1931 5 major banks collapsed

Sector lost influence

Fewer loans issued

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3
Q

Economic Impact of the Depression
Trade

A

Worldwide demand fell 61%

Goods demand fell
eg. steel & chemicals

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4
Q

Economic Impact of the Depression
Industrial Output

A

Fell 58% 1929-1932

Only 11% in Britain

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5
Q

Economic Impact of the Depression
Unemployment

A

1.8 million registered 1929

5.6 million registered 1933 (1/3 workers)
(under 3 million in Britain)

Considered closer 8 million
many especially women not officially registered

60% new graduates unemployed

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6
Q

Economic Impact of the Depression
Government Expenditure

A

Tax revenue decreased

Reduced spending transport/housing/education

Thousands civil servants made redundant

Salaries fell 25%

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7
Q

Economic Impact of the Depression
Agriculture

A

Demand, prices & profits fell sharply

Farms sold

Rural unemployment increased

Production in 1929 3/4 1913 level

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8
Q

Social Impact of the Depression
Welfare

A

After 1930 access to welfare limited
eg. unemployed only entitled to state benefits
for 2 years
then reliant on local authorities
less generous & strictly means tested

Women/young people received less welfare than men

Town dependent on single industry hit hard
eg. Brand-Erbisdorrff (glass making)
nearly 1/2 population received welfare

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9
Q

Social Impact of the Depression
Health

A

Increased TB, rickets & malnutrition

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10
Q

Social Impact of the Depression
Shanty Towns

A

Evictions increased & benefits restricted

Increased need of shanty towns

No access to running water/electricity

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11
Q

Social Impact of the Depression
Young People

A

Unemployment particularly high
39% men & 35% women 14-25

Increased gangs of young men in public spaces
concerns of increasing crime

Juvenile convictions (14-25) didn’t increase
but accusations did
(eg. theft, assault & threatening behaviour & crimes against the state)

Young men increasingly involved in political extremism
KPD recruited from ‘wild cliques’ & took part in demonstrations & street fighting
NSDAP offered food, shelter & purpose to young men who joined SA

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12
Q

Social Impact of the Depression
Women

A

Set back employment equality

Female proportion of workforce increased cheaper to employ

More accusations of ‘double earners’

1932 law allowed married women in civil service to be dismissed
Reich Postal Service sacked 1000 women

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13
Q

Political impact of depression

A

‘Grand Coalition’
deeply split

Led by Muller - broadest coalition

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14
Q

Muller’s policy for depression

A

Laissze-Faire approach

Very little inital action because:
1. afraid to repeat hyperinflation

  1. restiction imposed by currency stablisation
    eg. couldn’t print more money
    difficult to borrow money
  2. lacked confidence in finances & ability to repay

1929-32 reduced expenditure
to cope with fall taxation
1928-33 budget war victim’s pension cut 1/3

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15
Q

Muller’s steps to alleviate depression crisis [5]

A

1931 repayments suspended 1 yr
international agreement to postpone all debt

1932 Lausanne conference
reparations reduced to 3B marks
paid off in one payment 1935

Unused land given to homeless farmers & workers

Compulsory emergency labour schemes
gave young people basic wage
for unskilled manual labour
unpopular - striked twice for better pay

Voluntary schemes sent young men to
residencial work camps
for 6 months
priority getting off streets
to provide meaningful training & help

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16
Q

Collapse of Grand Coalition

A

Division made appear weak
public began blame for crisis

Muller resigns March 1930
Brunning appointed - favoured authoritiarian gov

Hindenburg influenced by
Gen. Groener & Gen. Schleicher
both opposed parliamentary democracy
Hindenburg shows contempt for democracy
respected constitution

Coalition all biggest parties except SPD
SPD deputies oppose laws in Reichstag
gov couldn’t pass laws

Hinenburg increasingly rule by Article 48
effective end to democracy

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17
Q

Growth of support of extremists

A

SPD won support for decree
calling for Article 48 to be withdrawn

Instead Bruning dissolved Reichstag
& call Sept 1930 election

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18
Q

September 1930 election results

A

SPD 143 seats
KPD 77 seats
NSDAP 107 seats

2/5 votes anti-democratic parties

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19
Q

NSDAP disruption of Reichstag

A

Disrupt regularly
became unmanageable

Undermine Weimar system
couldn’t form stable coalition
extended crisis & increased distrust in Weimar

Reichstag increasingly irrelevant
did not meet Feb-Oct 1931

Power shifted from Reichstag to
Presidents/advisors/extremists on streets

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20
Q

Cause for increased support of extremists

A

KPD & NSDAP propaganda
offered more secure future
to workers facing unemployment & poverty

Nationalists despair weakness of gov
& continued humiliation
NSDAP promised removal of
responsible socialists
& rip up ToV

Political turmoil led to belief
Weimar democracy cause of problems

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21
Q

Political violence

A

NSDAP & communists
attempt to break up
meeting of opponents

Marches & counter-marches clashed
turned into full scale riots
↳KPD paramilitary group
Red Front Fighters’ League
had over 120,000 members

End 1931 Brüning issued decree
banning wearing political uniforms
did not stop SA

1932 Hindenburg outlawed SA
failed to stop activity (incompetency of gov)
SA had 400,000 members

52KPD killed 1931
First 6 months 1932
82 Nazi supporters & 75 communists
died from political violence

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22
Q

Nazi ideology
Power of the Will

A

Hitler & Nazis having
power, strength & determination
to achieve goals & better Germany

Propaganda, SA & image of unit
portrayed to this

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23
Q

Nazi ideology
Militarism

A

Hitler heavily influence by
‘survival of the fittest’
thought life was struggle between races
social darwinism

Armed conflict necessary
for conquest of non-German races

Propaganda emphasised
courage, loyalty & self-sacrifice

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24
Q

Nazi ideology
Volksgemeinschaft

A

Nation work together
with no social classes
& change for everyone to achieve potential

Work for good of the nation
& receive employment/welfare rights

Only Aryans considered members of state
other races excluded
“subject” with no influence

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25
Nazi ideology Blood and soil
Ensured survival of German race by creating purer/fitter nation of people obedient to idea of working for common good Looked back on romanticised & mythical past before country 'polluted' & industrialisation divided into social classes
26
Nazi ideology National socialism
State provided work/welfare for all unearned income abolished Used to win working class votes Hitler not fully committed changed message based on audience eg. after 1929 sought support/donations from businessmen (eg. Fritz Thyssen) reassured businesses/profits not under threat
27
Nazi ideology Führerprinzip
Republic & democracy weak/ineffective/alien form Germany success built on strong/authoritarian gov Weimar replaced by one party state & dictatorship done w/ Gleischaltung once in power
28
Nazi ideology Nationalism & Lebensraum
Reverse ToV Establish Greater German Reich all Germans live in border Secure Lebensraum provide land & resources needed to be great power expand east Justified by racial theory of superiority of German race
29
Nazi ideology Anti-Semitism
Blamed Jews for problems portrayed as greedy/cunning/money motivated Blamed for communism & greed of capitalism responsible for WW1 defeat/ToV/political instability/decline as great power Talked of worldwide Jewish conspiracy to dominate all other races
30
Nazi ideology Aryanisation & racial hygiene
Aryans were Herrenvolk & needed to be 'purified' by eliminating inner-racial marriages w/ 'degenerates' Presented Jews as deadly threat to German Volk & claimed 'germs' needed to be eradicated ↳justified later killing of Jewish women/children 'Racial hygiene' justified sterilisation of disabled, LGBTQ, the Roma, pacifists & Jehovah's Witnesses
31
Impact of depression on political views
Polarised views looked to extreme parties to solve problems NSDAP more successful than KPD in broadening appeal
32
NSDAP key supporters
Before 1929 lower middle class After depression broadened: Farmers ↳promised high prices for products & protection against imports Broader Mittlestand ↳disillusioned to DVP & DNVP afraid of communism threat Nationalists & industrialists
33
Change in support for KPD
Largely gained votes urban working class at expense SPD
34
1932 Presidential election
Candidates Hindenburg Thälmann (KPD) Duesterberg (right) Hitler (NSDAP) Hindenburg fell short 50% to outright win first ballot Won 53% second ↳Duesterberg did not stand ↳Hitler won greater percentage in some rural areas
35
Appeal of communism
KPD Membership 117,000 -> 360,000 (1928-32) 1920s strong presence in factors/workshops where trade union established After 1930s needed to appeal to unemployed ↳set up 'committees of the unemployed' ↳staged hunger marches ↳campaigned against benefits cuts ↳appealed to 'wild cliques' to encourage working class men Frequent fights/riots with NSDAP & police styled themselves as protector against NSDAP some areas (eg. Berlin's Wedding district) effectively under their control
36
Strengths of communism
Effective propagada ↳posters inc. slogans like 'bread & freedom' ↳Thälmann's speeches stressed class struggle & aim to destroy capitalism (especially post 1929) Improved organisation & support at neighbourhood/street level in big cities especially Berlin Messages popular among members & some unemployed post 1929
37
Weaknesses of communism
Perceived threat of revolution ↳frightened many middle class into supporting NSDAP Hitler used fear to encourage businessmen to donate to NSDAP ↳NSDAP & SA seen as only group big enough to prevent revolution 50% new members 1932 left within few months Limited support of women/outside industrial areas Short on money many members unemployed Focussed on fighting SPD not NSDAP
38
Josef Goebbels
Appointed Reich Propaganda Chief 1928
39
Propaganda Money
Backed by rich businessmen eg. Thyssen & Schacht 3M marks donated by 1933
40
Propaganda methods Speeches
Speakers well trained in oratorial techniques & party's ideology Hitler travelled to make passionate speeches
41
Propaganda methods New technology
Used private plane in 'Hitler Over Germany' initiative Used radio broadcasts Wanted as many people as possible to hear Hitler's speeches
42
Propaganda methods Nazi flag
Used heavily to convey identity & beliefs of party Colours of old imperial flag Striking design to convey strength & power
43
Propaganda methods Newspapers
Owned 'Völkischer Beobachter' "Der Strürmer'
44
Propaganda methods Marches & rallies
Banners/songs/bands/speeches/no. people convey impression of party unity/discipline/strength/popularity
45
Propaganda methods Posters
Tailored to specific audiences
46
Propaganda messages Failure of Weimar
Strongest message Nazis return to former glory
47
Propaganda messages Anti-Semitism
Only used for some audiences Shop keepers/small business owners receptive to 'Jewish Conspiracy' Blamed for economic problems SA encouraged radical belief & violence People voted NSDAP despite 1932 Hitler speech to 650 businessmen not mention Jews
48
Propaganda messages Anti-communism
Portrayed as only party strong enough to deal with threat
49
Propaganda messages Unemployment
Jan 1932 organised 16 mass meetings about unemployment Key election slogan 'Work and Bread' Posters/speeches 1931-32 had overwhelming focus on economic problems
50
Brüning as Chancellor
Made Chancellor 30 March 1930 On advice Groener & Schleicher only rule if had their support Known as 'Hunger Chancellor' harsh economic policies eg. cutting welfare & wages ↳worsened impact of depression increased KDP & NSDAP support April 1932 banned SA Schleicher withdrew support convinced gov could only operated with NSDAP support Hitler not oppose if election called & ban lifted May 1932 Hindenburg withdrew support on Schleicher's advice 30 May forced to resign
51
Von Papen as Chancellor
Appointed 1 June 1932 Aristocratic army officer & anti-democratic Created 'cabinet of barons' ↳aristocratic landowners & only 2 deputies No Reichstag support relied on Article 48 June lifted SA ban sympathised with Nazi aims saw as allies against communists Street violence & election intimidation increased July 1. Clash SA & communists in Hamburg declared state of emergency in Prussia dismissed SPD gov 2. NSDAP largest party invited join gov refused - only participate if Hitler Chancellor Sept vote of no confidence in gov Hindenburg dissolve Reichstag & call election Nov elections NSDAP still largest party Von Papen resigns 17 Nov forms caretaker gov Dec considered ban KPD & NSDAP & rule with army Schleicher informs army not support
52
Schleicher as Chancellor
Appointed 3 Dec 1932 Lost for trust for conspiracy against Von Papen Believed best chance pursued NSDAP join gov negotiate w/ Strasser not Hitler ↳Strasser failed divide party - Hitler removes Looks for support in Reichstag believed cancel cut wages/benefits win trade union support ↳failed persuade Suggested breaking up large estates & giving to smaller farmers horrified Junkers (backbone gov) Jan 1933 asked Hindenburg suspend constitution dissolve Reichstag & give dictatorial powers Hindenburg refused Schleicher resigns 28 Jan
53
Appointment of Hitler
Hitler & Von Papen negotiate possibility of coalition during Schleicher's term Talks between Hitler, Von Papen, Hindenburg's advisors (eg. Meissner) Made deal Hitler lead coalition w/ Von Papen Vice Chancellor & only 2 Nazis in cabinet Von Papen & Oskar Von Hindenburg convince Pres. Hindenburg Hitler uneducated & inexperience easily controllable Known as Backstairs Intrigue Hitler appointed 30 Jan 1933
54
Hitler's first cabinet
2 NSDAP members Göring & Frick as per agreement Aristocratic, anti-democratic & right members
55
Actions to strengthen power
Jan 30 100,000 NSDAP members torchlight procession show Hitler not puppet of gov Persuaded Hindenburg dissolve Reichstag & call election Jan 31 gave speech downplayed anti-Semitism/aggressive foreign policy emphasised economic hardship & need for 'national uprising' to restore pride & unity Feb 5 Nazi members killed SPD mayor in Prussia SPD newspaper condemned & immediately banned Feb 20 received 3M marks from 20 industrialists for propaganda
56
Election campaign
Jan 1933 500,000 SA - within year reached 3M ↳Broke up socialist & communist meetings merged w/ paramilitary Stahlhelm ↳official recognised by state as auxiliary police regular police told not interfere Goering recruited extra 50,000 men into Prussia local police virtually all SA 69 people died in 5 week campaign SA attacked trade unions/KPD offices/left politician's homes Centre party newspaper banned after criticised SA attack on Centre Party meeting
57
Reichstag fire
27 Feb 1933 Marinus van der Lubbe (communist activist) arrested & found guilty Hitler claimed part of communist plot to start revolution used to justify introduction of repressive measures
58
Impact of Reichstag fire
28 Feb 1933 Decree for the Protection of the State and the People issued Immediately signed by Hindenburg gave Hitler emergency powers to suspend civil liberties guaranteed under constitution Power to search & detain people w/out trial Power to search private premises Power to censor post/telephone calls Power to restrict freedom of assembly/expression Gave power to remove opposition before elections ↳10,000 communists arrested ↳Communist/socialist newspapers banned ↳Most KPD leaders imprisoned ↳Distribution of communist leaflets/posters liable to arrest most sent to concentration camps
59
March elections
NSDAP not gain 2/3 majority needed to change constitution
60
Concentration camps
8 Mar 1933 Goering announced established 1st permanent camp in Dachau By July 789 political prisoners held in 'protective custody' in 70 different camps
61
Enabling Act
Passed 23 Mar 1933 Allowed Hitler pass laws w/out approval of Reichstag/Pres. for 4 yrs Majority vote 441 to 91 only SPD voted against
62
How Hitler passed Enabling Act
81 KPD & 26 SPD refused entry Nazis promised respect Catholic Church for Centre Party support Kroll Opera house surrounded by SA & SS lined meeting room & issued threats Appeared temporary emergency measures

Germany (7 decks)

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