Fundamentals of anatomy

Question 1

Body divisions

Answer 1

The body can be divided into segments (e.g. head, neck, thorax)

Question 2

What are the 2 skeletal divisions

Answer 2

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

Question 3

What is axial skeleton

Answer 3

The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body and includes all bones of the head, neck, chest

Question 4

What is the purpose of the axial skeleton

Answer 4

it serves to protect the brain, spinal cord, heart and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head neck and back, and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joint to move their corresponding limbs.

Question 5

What is appendicular skeleton

Answer 5

This includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles that attach each limb to the axial skeleton.

Question 6

What is the lower and upper sections of the appendicular skeleton specialised for

Answer 6

the lower section is specialised for stability during walking/ running. The upper half has greater mobility and ranges of motion features that allow you to carry and lift objects

Question 7

What is the anatomical position

Answer 7

The anatomical position is used as a reference point when describing parts if the body in relation to each other. It allows a standard way of documenting where one part of the body is in relation to another regardless of the position of the body

Question 8

What does the standard anatomical position look like

Answer 8

The standard anatomical position is where a person stands with legs shoulder with apart, and arms by their sides with palms facing outwards

Question 9

Anterior/ ventral

Answer 9

In front off, or the front surface off

Question 10

Posterior/ dorsal

Answer 10

Towards the back off, on the back surface

Question 11

Medial/ internal

Answer 11

Towards the midline

Question 12

Lateral

Answer 12

Away from the centre/ midline

Question 13

Superior

Answer 13

above/ towards the head

Question 14

Inferior

Answer 14

Towards the feet, or below

Question 15

Cephalad

Answer 15

towards the head/brain

Question 16

Caudal

Answer 16

towards the feet

Question 17

Proximal

Answer 17

nearer the centre/ nearer the midline

Question 18

Distal

Answer 18

further away from the centre/midline

Question 19

What are anatomical planes

Answer 19

The relative positions of sections of the body is referred to in terms of axis and planes. A plane is an imaginary surface, drawn through the body in the anatomical position

Question 20

What is the sagittal plane

Answer 20

The sagittal plane is a vertical plane, from front to back that divides the body or any of its parts into left and right portions.

Question 21

What is the other name for the sagittal plane

Answer 21

Median plane- this divides the body into equal halves

Question 22

What is the frontal plane

Answer 22

A vertical plane from side to side that divides the body or any parts into anterior and posterior portions (front and back)

Question 23

What is the other name for the frontal plane

Answer 23

The coronal plane

Question 24

What is the transverse plane

Answer 24

the transverse plane is a horizontal plane, from front to back and side to side, that divides the body, or any parts of the body into superior and inferior portions

Question 25

What is the other name for the transverse plane

Answer 25

Horizonttal plane

Question 26

How are axis and planes related

Answer 26

They are paired, the always work perpendicular to each other

Question 27

What axis is paired with the sagittal/ median plane

Answer 27

Frontal/ coronal plane

Question 28

What axis is paired with the frontal/ coronal plane

Answer 28

Sagittal axis

Question 29

What axis is paired with the transverse plane

Answer 29

the vertical axis

Question 30

What is an axis of movement

Answer 30

an imaginary point, or line, on the surface around which movement occurs

Question 31

What plane and axis is flexion/ extension in

Answer 31

Sagittal/ median plane, frontal/coronal axis

Question 32

What plane and axis is abduction/adduction in

Answer 32

Frontal/coronal plane, Sagittal axis

Question 33

What plane and axis is medial rotation/ lateral rotation

Answer 33

Horizontal/ transverse plane and vertical axis

Question 34

What is hip rotation

Answer 34

inward rotation femur turns 40', external rotation femur rotates laterally, patella faces laterally (45')

Question 35

What is elevation/depression of the shoulder girdle

Answer 35

Elevation- shoulders and torso go up, depression- shoulders and torso pushed down

Question 36

What is protraction and retraction

Answer 36

protraction- neck pushed forward, retraction- neck pulled back

Question 37

What is radial and ulna deviation

Answer 37

radial-hand moves from wrist away from the body, ulnar- hand moves from wrist towards the body- in anatomical position

Question 38

What is lateral flexion

Answer 38

side bending of neck and torso

Question 39

What is opposition movement

Answer 39

movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the finger

Question 40

what is horizontal flexion

Answer 40

angle between 2 joints decreases in the horizontal plane

Question 41

What is horizontal extension

Answer 41

angle between 2 joints increases in the horizontal plane

Question 42

What is dorsi flexion

Answer 42

flexing the ankle joint with the foot facing up

Question 43

What is plantar flexion

Answer 43

Flexing the ankle joint with the foot facing down

Question 44

What is pronation/ eversion of ankle joint

Answer 44

turning the sole of the the food medially this combines plantar flexion, abduction and eversion in the ankle and foot joint (combination movement)

Question 45

What is inversion/ supination of ankle joint

Answer 45

turning the sole of the foot laterally, this combines ankle plantar flexion, adduction of foot and inversion

Question 46

What is pronation

Answer 46

rotation of the forearm with the palm turning medially (inward)

Question 47

What is supination

Answer 47

Rotation of arm with palm turning laterally (outward)

Question 48

What are long bones

Answer 48

Long bones are hard, dense bones that provide strength, structure, and mobility, typically found in the upper and lower extremities

Question 49

Examples of long bones

Answer 49

humorous, radius, ulna, clavicle, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsus

Question 50

what are short bones

Answer 50

they are bones that are as wide as they are long. Their primary function is to provide support and stability with no movement

Question 51

Example of short bones

Answer 51

carpus and Tarsus

Question 52

What are flat bones

Answer 52

They are bones whose principle function is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment

Question 53

example of flat bones

Answer 53

lacrimal, nasal, vomer, hip, parietal, frontal, occipital, scapula, sternum, rib

Question 54

What are irregular bones

Answer 54

they serve various purposes such as protection of nerve tissue (such as vertebrae that protect spinal cord), affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment, and maintaining pharynx and trachea support, and tongue attachment

Question 55

What are sesamoid bones

Answer 55

A sesamoid bone is a bone embedded within a tendon or a muscle.

Question 56

What do sesamoid bones act as

Answer 56

they act like pulleys, providing a smooth surface for tendons to slide over, increasing the tendons ability to transmit muscular forces

Question 57

What are articular surfaces

Answer 57

where 2 bones meet

Question 58

Surfaces features- spine

Answer 58

sharp process (e.g. ischial spine)

Question 59

Surfaces features- head

Answer 59

prominent rounded surface (e.g. head of femur)

Question 60

Surfaces features- neck

Answer 60

segment between the head and the shaft

Question 61

Surfaces features- condyle

Answer 61

rounded surface

Question 62

Surfaces features- epicondyle

Answer 62

a prominence that sits atop of a condyle

Question 63

Surfaces features- tubercle

Answer 63

small rounded process (e.g. tubercle of humerus)

Question 64

Surfaces features- foramen

Answer 64

hole through bone (e.g. foramen magnum in the occipital bone)

Question 65

Surfaces features- crest

Answer 65

ridge (illiac crest)

Question 66

Surfaces features- process

Answer 66

prominence feature (e.g. transverse process of vertebra)

Question 67

Surfaces features- line

Answer 67

slight, elongated ridge (e.g. temporal bones of the [parietal bones)

Question 68

Surfaces features- groove

Answer 68

a furrow in the bone surface which runs along the length of a vessel or nerve

Question 69

Surfaces features- angles

Answer 69

sharp bony angulations which may serve as bony or soft tissue attachments

Question 70

Surfaces features- trochanter

Answer 70

a large prominence on the side of the bone

Question 71

Surfaces features- tuberosity

Answer 71

rough surfaces (e.g. deltoid tuberosity)

Question 72

Surfaces features- fossa

Answer 72

elongated basin (e.g. mandibular fossa)

Question 73

Surfaces features- fovea

Answer 73

small pit (e.g. fovea captis on the head of the femur

Question 74

Surfaces features- ramus

Answer 74

the curved part of a bone that gives structural support to the rest of the bone

Question 75

Surfaces features- sulcus

Answer 75

groove (sigmoid sulcus of the temporal bone)

Question 76

Surface features- ramus

Answer 76

a bony projection with a shape likened to a hammer head