Introduction to joints and muscles

Question 1

What are joints

Answer 1

A site where 2 or more bones join together, whether or not a movement occurs between them. Joints may be classified according to the structure (the tissue that lies between the bones).

Question 2

What are the 3 basic joints

Answer 2

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 3

what are fibrous joints

Answer 3

bones held together by fibrous connective tissue (strong), with no joint cavity

Question 4

examples of fibrous joints- sutures

Answer 4

sutures- unmovable junction: only in skull- coronal suture

Question 5

examples of fibrous joints- syndesmosis

Answer 5

tough band of tissue that bonds 2 bones together, this limits movement and supports the 2 bones, for example between radius and ulnar of forearm

Question 6

examples of fibrous joints- gomphosis

Answer 6

teeth roots

Question 7

2 types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 7

synchondrosis, symphysis

Question 8

2 types of cartilaginous joints- synchondrosis

Answer 8

bones are held together by hyaline or fibrocartilage, with no joint cavity. Primary cartilaginous joint- temporary in immature bones

Question 9

2 types of cartilaginous joints- symphysis

Answer 9

bones are held together by fibrocartilaginous fusion, with no joint cavity. Secondary cartilaginous joint- flat disc of fibrocartilage between bones, in the body midline

Question 10

what are synovial joints

Answer 10

bones are held together by a fibrous capsule and accessory ligaments Has a synovial joint capsule

Question 11

features of a typical synovial joint

Answer 11

articular cartilage/ capsule, synovial membrane, ligaments, articular discs, synovial sheaths and bursa, ,fat pads, muscle and tendons

Question 12

features of a typical synovial joint- joint junction

Answer 12

this is the middle of each bone, with articular cartilage on either end. The shape of the joint is important, each bone needs to be complimentary to the other

Question 13

features of a typical synovial joint- joint space

Answer 13

the joint space inside the junction is filled with synovial fluid, this provides nutrition and allows smooth movement (lubricates the joint between 2 articular surfaces)

Question 14

features of a typical synovial joint- fibrous joint capsule

Answer 14

this provides inherent stability; the inner aspect is coated with synovial membrane- which produces and excretes synovial fluid

Question 15

features of a typical synovial joint- ligaments

Answer 15

tough bands of fibrous tissue that go from one side to the other, and controls physiological movements.

Question 16

how might ligaments be limiting

Answer 16

may be limiting by putting the end to normal physiological movement and preventing unwanted movement

Question 17

features of a typical synovial joint- muscle

Answer 17

create movement

Question 18

how are tendons formed

Answer 18

the muscle belly forms a tendon which inserts into a bone. the musculotendinois junction is where the muscle goes from being muscle and turns into a tendon. This then goes into tenoperiosteal junction- which is where tendon joins to bone. The insertion tends to mark bone

Question 19

features of a typical synovial joint- bursa

Answer 19

a bursa is a fluid filled bag (filled with synovial fluid) it has a lighter capsular material around it. this helps to prevent friction

Question 20

what is a bakers cyst

Answer 20

this is where synovial fluid escapes the joint and becomes a fluid filled sack on the surface of skin

Question 21

When can a lump on outside of joint be dangerous

Answer 21

when it is pulsating as this could indicate an aneurism of one of the large vessels, this would require a physio to refer to whoever is going to look after patient

Question 22

when can a bakers cyst become damaging

Answer 22

if it ruptures- due to gravity the fluid will drop down into the posterior aspect of the knee. this is into the muscles and the tissues and it sets up a fierce inflammatory reaction. this can lead to deep vein thrombosis

Question 23

features of a typical synovial joint- ligaments

Answer 23

ligaments on either side of the joint are co lateral ligaments

Question 24

classification of synovial joints- ball and socket joint

Answer 24

ball is always convex and the joint is always concave. This joint can move in 3 degrees of freedom (all 3 planes and axis)

Question 25

example of ball and socket joint

Answer 25

the hip joint is a synovial ball and socket or multiaxial joint with3 freedoms with 3 degrees of freedom

Question 26

classification of synovial joints- ellipsoid joint

Answer 26

has a convex surface being received by a concave surface but there will be more constrain. only 2 degrees of freedom

Question 27

example of ellipsoid joint

Answer 27

the wrist joint can be classified as an synovial ellipsoid with 2 degrees of freedom.

Question 28

classification of synovial joints- plane

Answer 28

can only perform gliding and sliding. (no degrees of freedom as they can only slide)

Question 29

example of plane synovial joint

Answer 29

the tarsal joint is classified as a plane synovial joint

Question 30

classification of synovial joints- saddle

Answer 30

this is a biconcave, this is where the joint is concave on both sides. this joint has 2 degrees of freedom

Question 31

example of saddle joint

Answer 31

the first carpal metacarpal joint is a saddle joint with 2 degrees of freedom

Question 32

classification of synovial joints- hinge

Answer 32

only capable of flexion and extension

Question 33

example of hinge synovial joint

Answer 33

the elbow joint is classified as a synovial hinge joint with one degree of freedom

Question 34

classification of synovial joints- pivot

Answer 34

one in neck, this is only capable of rotation and there one degree of freedom

Question 35

example of pivot joint

Answer 35

the superior and inferior radius ulna joints are classified as synovial pivot joints with one degree of freedom

Question 36

types of joint movement- physiological movement

Answer 36

voluntary, sweeping movement of one bony segment in relation to another. Often a change in angle between 2 bones, this can be measured. For example flexion/ extension, abduction/ adduction

Question 37

types of joint movement- accessory

Answer 37

involuntary, small gliding, adjustments between joint surfaces to facilitate smooth and full movement (without accessory movement you can't have full physiological movement). this is where parts of the joints spin, roll, glide/slide

Question 38

Factors limiting joint movement- tension

Answer 38

tension in ligaments- helps to prevent unsafe movement | tension in antagonistic muscle

Question 39

Factors limiting joint movement- approximation

Answer 39

approximation of soft tissue | approximation of bony parts

Question 40

What is the close pack position

Answer 40

as joint surfaces approach a position of full congruent (best fit), the joint is said to be in close pack position. Joint structures are tensioned, all structures are at the most stable. at the close pack position there will be no accessory movement, and the joint is stable

Question 41

what is the loose pack position

Answer 41

in any position when the joint surfaces are not congruent, and structures are not under tension the joint is described as loose packed

Question 42

3 types of muscle

Answer 42

cardiac, smooth, skeletal (1/3 of body weight)

Question 43

3 types of muscle fibres

Answer 43

slo oxidative- type 1, fast oxidative- type IIa, fast glycolytic type- IIb

Question 44

functions of skeletal muscle

Answer 44

produce movement and locomotion, stabilise the joint and limit movement, maintain posture against gravity, help produce body heat, store carbohydrates as glycogen, give contour to the body

Question 45

how are muscles classified

Answer 45

muscles are classified according to their fibre arrangement

Question 46

muscle classified- multiepennate

Answer 46

this provide a lot of power in a relatively small space, e.g. deltoid

Question 47

muscle classified- fusiform

Answer 47

bicep brachii is fusiform- multiple insertions/ origins, wider in centre than at either end

Question 48

muscle classified- bipennate

Answer 48

rectus femoris is bipennate- 2 lots of striation in one muscle with a tendon at either end

Question 49

muscle classified- unipennate

Answer 49

unipennate muscles- only striations in one direction e.g. extensor digitorum

Question 50

muscle classified- parallel

Answer 50

long fibres parallel over a long distance

Question 51

muscle classified- convergent muscle

Answer 51

muscle fibres from multiple origins narrowing into a single small tendon, e.g. pectorallis major

Question 52

muscle classified- circular muscle

Answer 52

arranged concentrically around an opening or recess. As the muscle contracts, the opening it circumvents gets smaller

Question 53

how many points of attachment do skeletal muscle have

Answer 53

it has 2 or more points of attachment, these attach by tendons. Proximal (origin), distal (insertion), shape of tendon reflects shape of muscle

Question 54

what do tendons allow

Answer 54

concentration of muscle pull, attachment to a small bony area, alteration of direction of muscle

Question 55

example of muscle attachment- coracobrachiallis

Answer 55

proximal attachment- tip of the coracoid process to distal attachment: mid shift of humorous, action- adduction and weak flexion of arm, nerve supply- musculocutaneous (C5,6,7)

Question 56

Muscle roles- agonist/ prime mover

Answer 56

responsible for movement

Question 57

Muscle roles- antagonist

Answer 57

responsible for the movement opposing that of the agonist

Question 58

Muscle roles- fixator

Answer 58

steadies the base; stabilise the proximal attachment of the agonist

Question 59

Muscle roles- synergist

Answer 59

improves quality and control, by preventing unwanted movement in adjacent joints

Question 60

what are isometric (static muscle work)

Answer 60

an increase in tension with no changes to the muscle length so no movement is produced

Question 61

what are isotonic (dynamic muscle work

Answer 61

an increase in tension which changes muscle length, so movement is produced

Question 62

isotonic- concentric

Answer 62

muscle shortens (origin gets closer to insertion)- internal muscle force } external

Question 63

isotonic eccentric

Answer 63

muscle lengthens- internal muscle force { externeral

Question 64

what is active insufficiency (agonist)

Answer 64

a muscle, which passes over 2 joints cannot actively shorten sufficiently to produce full range of movement at both joints

Question 65

passive insufficiency- antagonist

Answer 65

a muscle, which passes over 2 joints, cannot be passively lengthened enough to allow full range of movement at both joints