Gait Deviations

Question 1

Impairment examination
Deformity

Answer 1

ROM

Question 2

Impairment examination
Decreased force production

Answer 2

MMT

Question 3

Impairment examination
Pain

Answer 3

Visual analogue scale

Question 4

Elements of movement

Answer 4

Motion
Force
Energy
Motor Control
Environmental and Personal Factors

Question 5

Likely impairment of foot slap or IC with the ground is made by forefoot followed by heel

Answer 5

DF weakness, common peroneal nerve palsy
distal peripheral neuropathy

Question 6

Likely impairment of IC by forefoot, but heel never makes contact

Answer 6

heel pain such as calc fracture or plantar fasciitis
PF contracture (pes equnies)
PF spasticity eg UMNL

Question 7

Bouncing gait

Answer 7

lack of ankle DF
tightness of ankle PF

Question 8

Supinated foot position

Answer 8

pes cavus
limited calc eversion
short limb

Question 9

Pronation

Answer 9

pes planus
decreased ankle DF
long limb

Question 10

Excessive Inv and PF during swing and at IC

Answer 10

pes equinovarus caused by spastic PF and Inv
UMNL

Question 11

Ankle PF during swing and dragging of toes
Drop foot

Answer 11

Weak DF and/or pes equinus
common peroneal nerve palsy

Question 12

vaulting

Answer 12

contralateral LE impairments that reduce hip and knee flexion and ankle DF during swing

Question 13

toeing out

Answer 13

retroverted femur
tight hip ER
weak hip IR

Question 14

toeing in

Answer 14

anteverted femur
spastic hip add or IR
weak hip ER

Question 15

Rapid extension of knee after initial contact

Answer 15

spastic quads
UMNL

Question 16

Knee remains extended during load response, but no extensor thrust
Compensate by extending knee w/ forward lean

Answer 16

Weak quads (femoral nerve palsy)
Knee pain (arthritis)

Question 17

Stance genu recurvatum

Answer 17

Knee extensor weakness
Achilles tendon contracture
habit

Question 18

Varus thrust during stance

Answer 18

Laxity of knee from traumatic injury

Question 19

Flexed position of knee during stance and lack of knee extension in terminal swing

Answer 19

KFC >10°
Hamstring spasticity
Knee pain and joint effusion from trauma or arthritis

Question 20

Reduced or absent knee flexion during swing
Compensatory Pronation

Answer 20

Spastic knee extensors UMNL
KEC
Immobilization or surgical fusion

Question 21

Knee is kept in flexion during stance despite having normal ROM on examination (short)

Answer 21

Pes calcaneus deformity (exaggerated ankle DF)
PF weakness
Hip flexion contracture

Question 22

Genu recurvatum from IC to pre swing;
forward trunk lean during terminal stance

Answer 22

PF contracture/pes equinus
spastic PF

Question 23

antalgic gait

Answer 23

painful stance LE

Question 24

excessive knee flexion in swing

Answer 24

lack of ankle DF of swing limb
short stance limb

Question 25

backward trunk lean during loading response

Answer 25

weak hip extensors relying on Ys due to weak glute max

Question 26

Lateral trunk lean toward stance LE (comp. trend. gait) waddling gait if bilateral

Answer 26

weak hip abd developmental hip dysplasia hip pain from arthritis

Question 27

Excessive downward drop of contralateral pelvis during stance

Answer 27

mild weakness of glute med of stance limb

Question 28

forward bending of trunk during mid and terminal stance as hip is moved over the foot

Answer 28

Hip flexion contracture hip pain from arthritis PF contracture

Question 29

Excessive lumbar lordosis in terminal stance

Answer 29

hip flexion contracture arthritis

Question 30

trunk lurches backward and toward the unaffected stance limb from heel off to mid swing

Answer 30

hip flexor weakness

Question 31

Hip circumduction

Answer 31

hip flexor weakness

Question 32

forward bending of trunk during loading response

Answer 32

weak quadriceps

Question 33

Forward bending of trunk during mid and terminal stance

Answer 33

pes equinus

Question 34

Steppage or drop foot gait excessive hip and knee flexion during swing

Answer 34

lack of DF in swing Short stance LE

Question 35

Circumduction during swing

Answer 35

lack of shortening of swing limb secondary to reduced hip & knee flex and reduced DF

Question 36

Hip hiking

Answer 36

lack of shortening of swing limb secondary to reduced hip & knee flexion and lack of ankle DF short stance limb

Question 37

Scissors gait

Answer 37

spastic ADD muscles spastic paraplegia

Question 38

Parkinsonian gait

Answer 38

flexed neck, trunk and knees shuffling or short rapid steps stiff arms