Gastrointestinal System Flashcards
(195 cards)
1
Q
What are our acessory digestive organs
A
> Liver
Pancreas
2
Q
How long is the GI tract ?
Possible exam question
A
> 5-7 metres
3
Q
REVISION CARD:
Any food is outside the body because it’s the eosophagus is open to the external environment meaning it’s NOT sterile !
Bugs can enter EASILY🫤
A
4
Q
Accessory organs inside the alimentary canal?
Hint: it’s 2 of these
Salivary glands
Teeth
Tongue
Liver
Pancreas
Gall bladder
A
Teeth and tongue
5
Q
Where does propulsion occur
A
Oesphagus
6
Q
What are the steps to mechanical ingestion.
A
Chewing (mouth)
Churning (stomach)
Segmentation (stomach)
7
Q
Since Propulsion means foods being pushed what other 2 things do humans do to push food down?
A
Swallowing
Peristalsis
8
Q
What is segmentation
A
Constriction of muscles in rhythmic motion. Breaking food down into smaller particles. Mixes food with digestive juices
9
Q
What process out of the 5 does enzymes secrete into the lumen of the canal
A
Chemical digestion
10
Q
Which accessory organs severete digestive Tract lumen?
A
Pancreas
Gall bladder
Salivary glands
11
Q
4 main layers of the GI tract
A
> Inner:
Mucosa
submucosa
Muscle
Adventitia
Outter
12
Q
How many layers of mucosa
A
3
13
Q
What 3 layers is the muscusa made of
A
> Inner:
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae
Outter
14
Q
What does the mucosa secrete?
A
Hormones
Digestive enzymes
Mucus
Absorbs nutrients
Protects by kills pathogens & protects ingestion of its self
( Has a secretery function & absorption function )
15
Q
Epithelium is where ?
A
Inner part of the lumen
16
Q
The mouth, oesophagus, oropharynx & anal canal is surrounded by what type of epithelial tissue?
A
Stratified squamous epithelium
17
Q
What is stratified squamous epithelium?
A
Short fat cells.
18
Q
Where’ would you find stratified squamous epithelium ?
A
Mouth
Eosophagus
Oropharym
Anal canal
19
Q
Where would you find culmner epithelium
A
Everywhere else
20
Q
Where does this occur ? Enzyme secreting and hormone secreting ?
A
Stomach and small Intestines
21
Q
The process of scretion of hormones & enzymes help the small intestine to produce what?
A
Serotonin
22
Q
Is serotonin a happy or bad chemical..?
A
Happy as it makes us feel happy whilst eating !!!
23
Q
Why is the digestive system a endocrine organ
A
Because it secretes hormones and Enzymes required for digestion !!
24
Q
Lamina propria (is in the mucosa) has a lot of …….. what that allows the absorption & delivery of nutrients?
A
Capillaries
25
What else does the lamina propria contain
Lymphatic tissue
26
How thick is a wall of a capillary ?
Single cell layer thick
27
What does the lymphatic capillaries absorb ?
Muck & nasties
28
What organs are involed in lymphatic system
Lymph glands
29
Why do your lymph node/ glands swell up or become visibly big ?
In that area it works hard to flush away the nasty infection. Because they’re facilitating protecting you from infection !!
(Draining)
30
What system does the lymphatic vessels run in conjunction with
Cardiovascular system !!
31
So…why does the mucosa have lymphatic tissue in it?
Drains all nasty stuff away
32
Lymphatic Tissue is also called this. What does MALT Stand for ?
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
33
Why is MALT special
It’s because when you are introduced with a new pathogen it remembers what pathogen it is for the next encounter!!
34
What else does MALT have that’s important ?
Resevoirs for immune system
35
How many layers of muscles doe the GI tract have
2
36
How many layers of muscles does the stomach have ?
3
37
What are the muscles of the GI tract ?
Longitudinal muscle & circular
38
What muscle layer is on the outside
Longitudinal
39
What layer of muscle is on the inside ?
Circular muscle
40
Why do we have circular muscle ?
To push food down and break food down
Peristalsis and segmentation
41
Submucosa is made up of ———— and what other tissue is it?
1) Loose areolar connective tissue
((Connective (strong) tissue connects, binds etc)
2) areolar connective tissue bz it’s a loose tissue as it’s strong enough to bind tissues together and loose to provide flexibility and cushioning.
(
42
What does the submuscosa have I.e lymphoid tissue
Glands, blood vessels & lymph tissue …
43
What does the submicosa bind together what layers ?
Muscle layer & the mucosa
44
Revision card: submucosa has a lot of elastic in it due constant bulk
45
How many layers of muscles for the stomach
3
46
What’ are the muscle layers of the stomach ?
Outter to inner
Longitudinal muscle > circular > oblique
47
What supplies the Submucosa I.e type of plexus
> Submucosal plexus (plexus of meissner)
48
Function of this plexus that is on the submucosa ?
Responsible for regulating doegestive secretions and reacting to presence of food.
49
Revision NOTE:
We have the CNS and PNS (somatic and autonomic nervous system) the autonomic system regulates those things that are done automatically. Somatic vise versa (it’s continue control).
Sympathetic innervation: exited, hyped up, high adrenaline
Parasympathetic: viseversa
50
What layer covers all the body’s cavities ?
Serosa
51
What does the series create ?
Serous fluid
52
What’s the function of serous fluid?
Alubrication and allows movement !! Avoiding friction
53
Dilation of pupils is what system?
Parasympathetic or sympathetic system
Sympathetic
54
Accelaration of heart
Parasympathetic or sympathetic system
Sympathetic
55
Stimulates tears
Parasympathetic or sympathetic system
Parasympathetic
56
Strong stimulation of salivary flow ?
Parasympathetic or sympathetic system
Parasympathetic
57
Atrioles constrict
Parasympathetic or sympathetic system
Sympath
58
Constriction of bronchi
Parasympathetic or sympathetic system
Parasympathetic
59
Stimulation of digestion
Parasympathetic or sympathetic system
Parasym system
60
Ejaculation
Parasympathetic or sympathetic system
Sympathetic
61
Contraction of bladder ?
Parasympathetic or sympathetic system
Parasympathetic
62
Stimulation of stomach muscles (
Parasympathetic or sympathetic system
Parasympathetic
63
Stimulates pancreas ?
Parasympathetic or sympathetic system
Parasympathetic
64
Relaxation of bladder
Parasympathetic or sympathetic
Sympathetic
65
Revision card: sympathetic system dialates bronchi ? Why? ….
To get more oxygen in
66
Revision card: relaxes bladder do that it can fill up more too 😜
67
Revision card: in the parasympathetic division the bronchioles constrict as we don’t need all that oxygen coming in !!
68
What’ are the 3 types of glands we have in the mouth ?
Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland
69
What’s mastication
Chewing
70
What does the toingue do?
Turns food into bolus to swallow!!
71
How many parotid glands do we have ?
2
72
Biggest glands in the mouth
Paratid
73
What does the paratid gland break down?
Carbohydrates
74
Paediatric
if the frenulum is torn what does this indicate?
Child abuse
Sexual abuse
Or force fed
75
What is gingivitis?
Gum disease
76
Superior vestibule in the mouth. Where is it?
Upper inner lip
77
Role of the uvula ?
Triggers the gag reflex & stops you swallowing anything too large ..
78
1) Oral phase
(controlled by the what system… SNS or ANS)
2) Oral pupulsive stage
(controlled by the what system… SNS or ANS)
3) Pharyngeal phase (involuntary phase)
4) oesophageal phase
1) voluntary (masticated & probed by tongue)
2) pushes bolus up and into the hard palate
3) it’s involuntary swallow. Vocal cords close. Larynx moves up and epiglottis covers it. (stroke patients - choke)
Pharyngeal phase of its impaired they can choke or nasal regurgitation(up the nose).
Aspiration pneumonia
4) oesophageal phase: good moves down into the oesophagus and peristalsis occurs!
79
What happend a in the impairement of the oesophageal stage is effected
Heart burn
Vomiting
Abdo pain
80
At what level does the oseohagus enter the diaphragm ?
10th thoracic vertabrae
81
How long is the oesophagus in a adult ?
25 cm
82
Diameter of oesophagus ?
2cm
83
What two sphincters do we have?
Revision: Ring of muscle
Upper oesophageal sphincter
Lower oesophageal sphincter
84
Incompitenence of lower oesophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) causes what?
Acid reflux
85
What is barrates eosophagus ?
Is a irreversible damage & is pre-cancerous
86
Why does the pyloric sphincter close tight when stomachs full
Hydrochloride acid won’t have the time to break down the food
87
Greater curvature is right or left
Left
88
What is the omenta & what does it play a good role in?
1) Fold of peritoneum that connects the stomach to another viscera
2) immune responses
89
Function of the omenta?
Immune regulation
Tissue regeneration
90
Name of the Ridges that are inside of stomach
Rugae
91
Why does the stomach have 3 layers of stomach ?
To churn food
92
what’s the inner oblique muscle layer made of?
Oblique fibres
93
What is the stomach lined with?
Simple columnar epithelium
94
Chief cells produce
Pepsinogen
95
What is pepsinogen converted into ?
Pepsin.
This is by the effects of HCL acid in the stomach
96
What cells scerete HCL?
Parietal cells
97
Function of mucus cells
Protects the lining of stomach from acids & makes sure stomach done digest itself
98
Gastric pits communicate with what cells?
Parietal cells and chief cells
99
What detects 🍔 entering the stomach?
Gastric pits
100
Name two gastric glands !
Parietal cells
Chief cells
101
G cells do what?
Monitor and make sure cells communicate with each other
102
Absorbtion begin where !
Duodenum
103
Revision:
Some lipid soluble drugs and alcohol don’t go straight to the liver but straight to the blood stream
(Why you can become drunk)
104
Intrinsic factor is essential why?
For us to absorb vitamin B12
105
Pernicious anemia is caused by?
Lack or unable to absorb vit B12
106
G cells secrete ?
Gastric
107
Gastrin (hormone) function?
Stimulates the glands to secret more juices
108
In order from stomach name sections of the small intestines!!
Duodenum > jejunum > illium
109
How long is the duodenum ?
25cm
110
What lines the small intestines
Villi
111
What do villi do to the chyme?
Absorbing nutrients
112
How thick is the wall of microvilli?
1 cell thick
113
What is covered by Simple columnar epithelial cells
Villi
114
What do lymphatic vessels absorb? In the same intestines??
Dietary fats
115
What is secreted by the intestinal glands ? They secrete a hormone ?
Hint: That makes u happy
Serotonin
116
Illium ends where?
Illieo secal valve
117
What joins to make the sphincter of hepatopancretic ampulla’? Where does it open into ?
Common bile duct
Pancreatic duct
& opens onto the duodenum
118
What’s a sphincter
Round or ring of muscle
119
Liver weighs?
1.5kg
120
What has Large left & right lobes, smaller caudate and quadrate lobes ?
Liver
121
Falciform ligament marks what?
The division on the liver
122
What is the name of the free border of the falciform ligament ?
Hint: the name is a shape
Round ligament
123
The hepatic portal vein supplies what % of the blood to the liver?
75
124
How much blood is supplied by the hepatic arteries ?
25%
125
What are the two blood supplies ?what vessels?
Hepatic artery & hepatic portal vein
126
Individual liver cells are called ?
Hepatocyte
127
LIVER STRUCTURE
Revision: even tho the hepatic portal vein and artery are supplying different perscentages they are infact only SUPPLYING 50% of the livers oxygen demand. Even tho the hepatic portal vein is giving the liver 75% of the livers blood supply
128
revision
Hepatocytes: arranged in lobules
Sinosoids: highly permeable capillaries
129
What does the branch portal vein bring into the liver ?
& from where does it bring all the nutrient rich blood from?
Yummy nutrients from the small intestines all all areas of the alimentary canal
130
Hepatic artery (what does that bring to the liver)?
Oxygenated blood
131
Mixed blood that comes into the liver is mixed up where?
Sinosoids
132
What do sinosoids do/allow to happen ?
Rapid transfer of the nutrients backwards and forwards into the cells
133
What do sinosoids do to glucagon?
Store it in the hepatocytes
(Because one function of the liver is storing nutrients)
134
Revision: in a fight or flight situation so when there is no meal that’s eaten, the brain will tell the hepatocytes to release nutrients into the blood !! So it can then go to the heart and go around the body !!
135
Hepatocytes store glycogen, for later use if the body is in high demand then it releases it out of the liver through the blood to the heart then it travels around the body !!
136
Fun FACT: Nutrients are absorbed from the intestines through the villi to the liver
137
Layered of the liver are called?
Lobules
138
What are the lobules made up of?
Hepatocytes
139
2 functions of the hepatocytes
> Absorb good nutrients from the blood
> release nutrients to the bloodstream ONLY when the body needs them
140
Fun FACT: Sinosoids are one way flow towards the hepatic veins & central vein
141
Fun FACT! Endothelial cells line the sinosoids
142
Kupffer CELLS >>>
143
Revision: Kupffer cells are phagocitic meaning they engulf and destroy pathogens.
They are good and bad guys
144
Where are kupffer cells are Located in the liver
In the linen of the sinusoid near the portal areas!!
145
What else do they remove
Red blood cells (break them down) that releases Heam from heamglobin !!
(Simply breaks down RBC)
146
Revision:
kuppffer cells protects the body and secretes cytokines & kemokine - regulate and determine what the immune responses will be like
(Formulate an immune response )
147
Kupffer (bad guys) >>>
148
What happens when it repairs the liver
It scars the liver & isn’t stretchy
149
What kind of AGENTS cause kupffer cells to initiate the production of __?__ a connective tissue of the liver that leads to scarring
HINT: substance that is not stretchy & is found in skin.
Production of collagen
150
What happens when there’s too much scarring tissue in the sinosoid?
Sinosoid gets blocked
151
What confirm does scarring lead to?
Cirhosis
152
Fun fact: Hepatitis - causes liver cirhosis & non alcoholics can also get this too!!
153
When is bilirubin produced ? Break down of what?
Heme
154
What state is bilirubin? Conjugated or unconjicated
Unconjugated
155
How does bilirubin be some conjugated
It binds with albumin to be then carried into the liver!
156
Where is conjugated bilirubinexcreted through?
Urine & stools
157
Hepatocytes also onstantly produces what? - stored in the ———— ———————
Bile
Gallbladder
158
What is the bile canaliculous?
Bile travels through the bile canaliculous up the lobule and travels to the bile duct
159
Where does the bile duct go into
Gall bladder
160
Which duct enters directly into the gall bladder
Cystic duct
161
What is known as the sphincter of Oddi?
It’s either the following
Hepatopancreatic ampulla’ or
Hepatopancreatic sphincter/duct
Hepatopancreatic sphincter/duct
162
Broken down RBC is called what? What’s the substance called
Bilirubin
163
Revision : when bilirubin is released into the sinosoid it is unconjugated
164
Revision: enzymess in the liver allows that change from unconjugated to conjugated to occur
165
What gives bile it’s yellow color?
Bilirubin
166
Revision: 1% of conjugated bilirubin excreted by urine
167
High levels of bilirubin causes what? & what color is it?
Yellow
Jaundice
168
Unconjugated bilirubin cause skin yellow and very salty and when it tries to eliminate via skin ! The salt is sat in the sweat gland what does this cause???
Intense itching even if the patient isn’t yellow !!!
169
What hormone does the liver store ?
Glycogen (that tells the liver to release the sugars when needed)
170
Revision; liver also stores fatty lipids
171
What did the liver inactivate ? Starts with T
Toxins
172
What fat soluble vitamins are stored in the liver?
A, D, K, E
173
Paramedic fun stuff: if a patient is bleeding a lot you can start thinking does the patient have a good functioning liver as it is a iron reserve !!!
174
Revision:
Bile is synthesized & secreted into lime of duodenum
175
Why is vitamin A important ?
Healthy organs & is main component of the retina (bit A important for 👁️ sight)
176
Why is vitamin D important ?
Absorbtion of calcium
177
Why is vitamin K important
Supporting in clotting of BLOOD 🩸
> Fun fact: patients who have Overdosed on their anti-coagulants bccs it promotes the blood 🩸 clotting AGAIN!!
> Pre-term babies are given Vit K as they are prone to micro-Haemorhages in the brain 🧠 !!!
178
Why is vitamin E important ?
>> Because it’s involved in making up nerve cells so not enough of this cause nerve damage !! <<
179
Revision: liver highly vascular as you can bleed out easily in major trauma
>> FUN FACT: If a patient has a lot of bruising under the skin and hasn’t been injured this could be related to liver
180
Revision:
> Liver Synthesizes (inactive hormone) angitensonigen
Angiotensinogen is invoked in maintenance of BP
Absorbs & breaks down circulating hormones & antibodies that are NOT NEEDED!!
181
What is Accronym that tells you the function of the liver ??
PUSHDoG
182
what does the (P)ushdog stand for ?
Protein synthesis
183
What does the p(U)shdog stand for ?
Urea production
184
What does the pu(S)hdog stand for
STORAGE !!!
185
What does the pus(H)dog stand for ?
Hormone synthesis
186
What does the push(D)og stand fior???
DETOXIFICATION
187
What does the pushdo(G) stand for
Glucose & fat metabolism
188
When the large intestine starts to form blushes what disease is this
Diverticuler disease
189
Pooo entering these holes can cause inflammation and redness causing infection called what!
Diverticulitis’
190
How does peritonitis occur ?
When the air pocket of poo pops
191
What is the largest most complex serous membrane in the body?
Peritoneum
192
How long is the appendix ?
9cm long
193
Revision: the appendix shrinks as you age
It’s a lymphatic organ !!
194
RECTUM:
Internal sphincter
>> SMOOTH MUSCLE
>> ANS
External sphincter (VERY VASCULAR)
>> SKELETAL MUSCLE
>> SNS
195
Revision:
SRectal dose of diazepam / midazolam can be administered safely someone having a seizure
