GastroIntestinal System Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
MOUTH consist of?
A
HARD PALATE
SOFT PALATE
UVULA
ORAL CAVITY
TONGUE
2
Q
forms its anterior roof; involved in PHONATION
A
HARD PALATE
3
Q
a fleshy fingerlike projection of the soft palate; swallowing
A
UVULA
3
Q
forms its posterior roof; aids in
phonation and proper breathing and
swallowing
A
SOFT PALATE
4
Q
Tear and grind food, breaking it down into smaller
fragments
A
TEETH
5
Q
second set of teeth that enlarge and develop
A
PERMANENT TEETH
6
Q
first set that begin to erupt around 6 months
A
MILK TEETH/ DECIDUOUS TEETH
7
Q
A baby has full set (20 teeth) by age of 2 years.
A
MILK TEETH/ DECIDUOUS TEETH
7
Q
fanglike for tearing or piercing
A
CANINE
8
Q
First teeth to appear
A
LOWER CENTRAL INCISORS
9
Q
emerge between 17- 25 years old
A
THIRD MOLARS
10
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF TEETH
A
INCISORS
CANINE
MOLARS AND PREMOLARS
10
Q
Atropine SO4 (anticholinergics):
A
decreases saliva
production
10
Q
chisel- shaped adapted for cutting
A
INCISORS
11
Q
product of the salivary glands, a mixture of mucus and
serous fluids
A
SALIVA
11
Q
have broad crowns with rounded tips suited for
grinding
A
MOLARS AND PREMOLARS
12
Q
lubricates food
A
SALIVA
13
Q
antibodies in saliva
A
lysosomes (IgA)
14
Q
Least understood antibody
A
IgD
14
Q
large amount of mucus membranes in
the GI tract and in respiratory system
A
IgA
15
Q
Most abundant antibodies; respond to bacterial and viral infections
A
IgG
15
Q
First antibody to react in case of an
infection (viral/bacterial)
A
IgM
16
Q
posterior end of the oral cavity which are paired
masses of lymphatic tissue
A
PALATINE TONSILS
16
Q
Parasitic and allergic reactions
A
IgE
17
moistens and helps to bind food together into a mass called a bolus which makes chewing and swallowing easier
MUCUS
17
food in the stomach:
Chyme
18
area contained by the teeth
ORAL CAVITY
18
an enzyme contained in the clear serous portion
which begins the process of starch digestion in the mouth
SALIVARY AMYLASE
18
occupies the floor of the mouth
TONGUE
19
Compartment of Waldeyer’s Ring
PALATINE TONSILS
20
first line defense against infection
Waldeyer’s Ring
21
Food from the mouth passes posteriorly into
oropharynx and laryngopharynx, both of which
are common passageways for food, fluids and
air.
PHARYNX
22
About 25 cm (10 inches) long
ESOPHAGUS
23
a passageway that conducts food from the pharynx to the stomach
ESOPHAGUS/GULLET
23
The distal end of the esophagus is guarded by
lower esophageal sphincter
23
It is also known as cardiac sphincter
lower esophageal sphincter
23
FUNCTION: lower esophageal sphincter
prevents backflow of food into the esophagus
prevents gastric reflux.
prevent regurgitation
24
Backward flow of gastric contents into the
esophagus; Due to inappropriate relaxations of the LES
GERD/ Reflux Esophagitis
24
RISK FACTORS: GERD
§ Nicotine (cigarette smoking)
§ High fat foods
§ Xanthine-derivatives (theophylline, caffeine)
§ Ganglionic stimulants
§ Beta adrenergic agents
§ Elevated estrogen /progesterone levels
25
NURSING INTERVENTION: GERD
o Antacids
o Histamine blockers
o Bethanecol
o Reglan
o Small freuqnet feedings
o Fluid with meals
o Eat slowly and chew food thoroughly
o Avoid very hot or cold foods, spices, alcohol,
coffee, chocolates, citrus juices, eating and
drinking 3 hours before retiring at night
o Elevate HOB 6-8 inches
o Weight reduction (obese)
o Avoid tobacco, salicylates, phenylbutazone
o Avoid lying down after meals
25
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT: GERD
Nissen fundoplication
26
a flap of cartilage over the top of the larynx,
keeps food out of the larynx during swallowing
EPIGLOTTIS
26
EPIGLOTTIS OPEN:
Speaking
27
EPIGLOTTIS CLOSED:
Swallowing
28
C-shaped located on the left side of the
abdominal cavity
STOMACH
29
Approximately 25 cm (10 inches) long
STOMACH
30
It can hold about 4 liters of Food (1 gallon)
STOMACH
31
Acts as a temporary “storage tank” for food as
well as a site for food breakdown.
STOMACH
32
REGIONS OF THE STOMACH
FBP
32
expanded part of the stomach lateral to the
cardiac region; To store gas produced during digestion
FUNDUS
32
midportion region of the stomach
BODY
33
Storage, mixing, and liquefaction of bolus of food
into a semisolid mixture called chyme.
Mechanical digestion
33
funnel- shaped, terminal part which is continuous with the small intestine; Prevents food from re-entering the stomach
PYLORUS
33
The_______ liquefy solid food particles through
grinding motion
rugae
34
FUNCTIONS OF THE STOMACH
MSCPAC
Mechanical Digestion
Secretion
Chemical digestion
Protection
Absorption
Control passage of chyme into duodenum
34
Composed of mucus, HCl, pepsinogen, and
water
Secretion
35
_____________ is secreted by the gastric glands
1500-3000 ml
36
_______________ is secreted directly into the
bloodstream
GASTRIN (hormone)
36
Digestion of protein starts in the stomach through the action of ________ which converts protein into ____________.
pepsin; polypeptides
36
Amylase from salivary glands in ____________ by
the acidity in the stomach so carbohydrate
digestion stops
inactivated
37
______________ (inactive enzyme) is converted into
___________ (active form) in the presence of HCl
Pepsinogen; pepsin
37
__________is curdled and ________ is set free, through the action of rennin.
Milk and casein
37
Digestion of emulsified fats
GASTRIC LIPASE
37
The _______________ is also responsible for the
reduced activity of harmful bacteria that may
have been taken in with food
acid medium
38
Minimal water, alcohol, glucose, and some drugs
are absorbed through the _____________.
GASTRIC MUCOSA
38
Through peristaltic waves;
o CARBOHYDRATES are emptied within 1-2
hours
o PROTEINS within 3-4 hours
o FATS within 4-6 hours
39
CARBOHYDRATES are emptied within _________
1-2 hours
40
PROTEINS within ____________
3-4 hours
41
FATS within_________
4-6 hours
41
once acidic chyme is formed, _______________________ travel from the fundus to the pylorus
slow peristaltic
waves
42
produce protein- digesting enzymes mostly
pepsinogens
CHIEF CELLS/ ZYMOGENIC CELLS
42
pressure builds up and pyloric sphincter
opens
43
Chemical breakdown of PROTEINS starts here
through which converts protein into polypeptides
protein (for tissue repair)
CHIEF CELLS/ ZYMOGENIC CELLS
43
Pro-rennin (inactive form) -> comes in contact
with HCL ->
rennin
43
Billroth I
gastroduodenostomy
43
Billroth II
gastrojejunostomy
44
COMPLICATION OF Billroth
DUMPING SYNDROME
45
Rapid emptying of gastric content into the
jejunum
DUMPING SYNDROME
45
NURSING INTERVENTIONS: DUMPING SYNDROME
o eat in lying/recumbent position
o place left side-lying position after meal
o give small, frequent feedings
o provide high-protein diet
o take fluid after meals or in-between meals; not
with meals
o avoid very hot and very cold foods and
beverages
o administer anticholinergic (30 minutes before
meals) or antispasmodic
46
Early signs of DUMPING SYNDROME
(5-30 minutes after eating)
restlessness, diaphoresis, pallor, abd cramps
46
Late signs of DUMPING SYNDROME (2-3 hours after eating)
hyperglycemia then hypoglycemia due to
stimulation of insulin secretion
46
produce corrosive hydrochloric acid which makes the stomach contents acidic and activates the enzymes.
PARIETAL CELLS
47
Beefy red tongue
PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
47
produce intrinsic factors necessary
for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small
intestine
PARIETAL CELLS
47
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
C (Ascorbic acid)
B1 (Thiamine)
B2 (Riboflavin)
B3 (Niacin/Nicotinic acid)
B6 (Pyridoxine)
B9 (folic acid)
B12 (cyanocobalamin)
Pantothenic acid
Biotin
48
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
A (retinol)
D (ergocalciferol)
E (tocopherol)
K (menadione)
49
produce a sticky alkaline mucus
MUCUS NECK CELLS
50
produced by local hormones that are important to the digestive activities of the stomach and is secreted directly into the stomach
GASTRIN
51
After food has been processed in the stomach, it
resembles heavy cream called _________ that enters the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter.
chyme
51
Most digestive activity occurs in the _______ region of the stomach.
pyloric
52
_______________digestion stops here as amylase from the salivary glands is inactivated by the acidity of the stomach.
Carbohydrate
53
The body’s major digestive organ
SMALL INTESTINE
54
A muscular tube extending from the pyloric
sphincter to ileocecal valve
SMALL INTESTINE
55
A muscular tube extending from the pyloric
sphincter to ______________
ileocecal valve
55
ileocecal valve
separates ileum
and cecum
55
Small Intestine is the longest section of the alimentary tube, with an average length of _____________.
2-4m (6-13 feet)
56
THREE SUBDIVISIONS of SMALL INTESTINE
DUODENUM
JEJUNUM
ILEUM
57
curves around the head of the pancreas which is
about 25 cm long
DUODENUM
57
Food mixes here with bile and Removes water and concentrates it
DUODENUM
57
Stimulate gallbladder to contract then will secrete bile
CHOLECYSTOKININ
58
Synthesized fatty acids used for energy
ACETYL CO-ENZYME A
59
JEJUNUM about _____________ and extends from the duodenum to the ileum
2.5m (8 feet) long
60
ILEUM is about ___________________ and is the terminal part of the small intestine.
3.6m (12 feet) long
60
Absorption of bicarbonate and partly digested
food
ILEUM
60
reabsorbs sugar, amino acids, fatty acids
(oxidation takes place in the liver)
JEJUNUM
60
The __________________ controls food movement
into the small intestine from the stomach and
prevents the small intestine from being
overwhelmed
pyloric sphincter
61
Reabsorption of water
LARGE INTESTINE
61
LARGE INTESTINE is about__________________ which extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus
1.5m (5 -6 feet) long
62
Motor activities
haustral churning and peristalsis
62
MAJOR FUNCTIONS of LARGE INTESTINE
1. dry out the indigestible food residues from the water
2. Motor activities
3. Secretion
4. Absorption of water, sodium and chloride.
5. Vitamin synthesis
6. Formation of feces
7. Defecation
62
Approximately ______________ of water is absorbed.
800-1000 ml
62
_________________ in the large intestine
synthesizes vitamin K, thiamine, riboflavin,
vitamin B12, folic acid, biotin, and nicotinic acid.
Colonic bacterial flora
63
Formation of feces, which is _____________
3/4 water and 1/4 solid material
64
act of expelling feces from the body
Defecation
64
SUBDIVISIONS: Large Intestine
cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal.
65
- hangs from the cecum, it is twisted, ideal location for bacteria to accumulate and multiply.
- Store house for good bacteria
APPENDIX
65
travels up to the right side of the abdominal cavity and makes a turn, the RIGHT COLIC, or
HEPATIC FLEXURE, to travel across the
abdominal cavity as transverse
ASCENDING COLON
65
first part of the Large intestine
CECUM
65
transverse
mushy stool
66
ASCENDING COLON
liquid stool
67
It then turns again at the LEFT COLIC or
SPLENIC FLEXURE and continues down the left
side as the descending colon
DESCENDING COLON
68
DESCENDING COLON
semi-formed stool
69
SIGMOID COLON
formed stool
70
The sigmoid colon, rectum and anal canal lie in
the ________
pelvis
71
The anal canal ends at the _______, which opens to the exterior
anus
72
E. Coli synthesize
Vitamin K
73
Vitamin B3 deficiency
Pellagra (deficiency in nicotinic acid)
74
Pellagra signs
dry and scaly skin
