NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards
(183 cards)
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Brain and spinal cord
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CNS
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Includes cranial nerves (12), spinal nerves (31), autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
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PNS
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Q
Fight or flight
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Sympathetic
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Q
↓ peristaltic, relaxed bladder
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Sympathetic
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Q
Everything is high excluding GI and GU
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Sympathetic
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Q
Rest and digest
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Parasympathetic
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Q
Everything is low
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Parasympathetic
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Q
Controls everything (cognitive, behavior, motor, sensory)
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BRAIN
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Q
How many cells has the brain?
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more than 100 billion cells
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Q
basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system
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NEURON
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Q
Composed of cell body, dendrites, axons
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NEURON
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Q
Core section of the neuron (store genetic material – DNA)
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CELL BODY
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Q
Gaps formed between the myelin sheath
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Nodes of Ranvier
11
Q
Contains nucleus and cytoplasm
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CELL BODY
11
Q
Made up of protein and fatty substance
Covers axon
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Myelin sheath
12
Q
Myelin sheath Function:
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speeds up transmission of electrical impulses to cell body
12
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Nodes of Ranvier Function:
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speeds up transmission of electrical impulses to cell body
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Q
Schwann Cells Function:
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structure, development, regeneration of peripheral
13
Q
Cell that surrounds neurons
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Schwann Cells
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Q
BRAIN; Accounts for approximately _____ of the total body weight
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20%
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Finger-like cells present on the end of a neuron and Receive information from axon terminals
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DENDRITES
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Transmits information away from the cell body to adjacent neurons
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AXON
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An average young adult, it weighs approximately
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1400g
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An average elderly person it weighs approximately
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1200g
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The brain is divided into three major areas:
cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem
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Initiate reasoning, problem solving, judgment, thinking
CEREBRUM
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Cerebrum: It makes up about _____ of the brain
80%
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4 lobes of cerebrum
FTOP
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Masses of nuclei located deep in the cerebral hemispheres
BASAL GANGLIA
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Responsible for control of fine motor movements, of the hands and lower extremities
BASAL GANGLIA
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Thick collection of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain
CORPUS CALLOSUM
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Responsible for the transmission of information from one side of the brain to the
other
CORPUS CALLOSUM
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Gray matter structure located near the center of the brain
THALAMUS
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Acts primarily as a relay station for all sensation except smell
THALAMUS
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Acts as your body’s smart control coordinating center
HYPOTHALAMUS
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All memory, sensation, and pain impulses pass through this section of the brain
THALAMUS
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Sleep/wake cycle, temperature, autonomic nervous system
HYPOTHALAMUS
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Maintains balance, posture, coordination
CEREBELLUM
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CEREBELLUM Located in:
posterior to the midbrain and pons, and below the occipital lobe
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BRAINSTEM LOCATION:
The bottom part of the brain
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Connects the rest of the brain to the spinal cord
BRAINSTEM
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BRAINSTEM
Regulates heart rate, breathing, sleep and wake cycles, and swallowing
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MIDBRAIN located?
topmost part of the brainstem
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MEDULLA OBLONGATA CN:
IX (glossopharyngeal) and XII (hypoglossal)
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Reflex center for respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, coughing, vomiting, swallowing, and sneezing
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
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FOUR LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE
FRONTAL LOBE
PARIETAL LOBE
OCCIPITAL LOBE
TEMPORAL LOBE
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Largest lobe of the brain, located in the front of the head
FRONTAL LOBE
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Major functions: concentration, abstract thought, information storage and motor function, decision-making and movement and recognition of smell
FRONTAL LOBE
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It contains Broca’s which is critical for motor control
FRONTAL LOBE
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Damage to Broca’s
expressive aphasia
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Broca’s
motor control
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Information stage
Sensory memory
Short-term memory/working
Long-term memory/permanent
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what is expressive aphasia?
difficulty forming words
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Serves as the center for auditory and visual reflexes
MIDBRAIN
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Midbrain CN:
III (oculomotor) and IV (trochlear)
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↑ ICP s/sx in compression CN III
Anisucuria = unequal pupil
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Largest part of the brain stem
PONS
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PONS CN:
V (trigeminal) and VIII (vestibulocochlear/ auditory/ acoustic)
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anti-tubercular drug that damages CN VIII
Streptomycin
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Portion of it help regulate respiration
PONS
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Coordinates facial movements, hearing and balance
PONS
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*Anti-tubercular drugs
a. Isoniazid = peripheral neuritis = take B6
b. Rifampin = red-orange urine
c. Pyrazinamide
d. Ethambutol = optic neuritis (Snellen chart and ishihara)
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Terminal part of brainstem
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
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Middle part of brain
PARIETAL LOBE
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Involved in interpreting pain and touch in the body
PARIETAL LOBE
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identify objects and understand spatial relationships – essential to a person’s awareness of body position in space, size, and shape discrimination, and right-left orientation
PARIETAL LOBE
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Located posterior to the parietal lobe; back part of the brain
OCCIPITAL LOBE
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Responsible for visual interpretation (vision)
OCCIPITAL LOBE
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Damage to this area leads to Alexia
OCCIPITAL LOBE
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inability of the person to rea
Alexia
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Located at the sides of the brain
TEMPORAL LOBE
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Involved in auditory reception, speech/language; plays a role in memory of sound and music
TEMPORAL LOBE
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It houses Wernicke’s
TEMPORAL LOBE
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What is the function of Wernicke’s?
helps the brain understand spoken language
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Damage to Wernicke’s
Receptive Aphasia
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What is Receptive Aphasia?
difficulty understanding others
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Fibrous connective tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord, provide protection, support, and nourishment
MENINGES
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Layers of the meninges
dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
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Outermost layer, It is though, thick, inelastic, fibrous, and gray.
Dura Mater
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Dura Mater Function:
Allows blood to leave the brain
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Middle membrane; an extremely thin, delicate membrane that closely resembles a spider web.
Arachnoid
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Arachnoid Function:
production of CSF (choroid plexus)
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It has cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the space below it, called the_________
subarachnoid space
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This membrane has unique fingerlike projections, called __________________that absorb CSF into the venous system
subarachnoid villi
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Innermost, thin, transparent layer that hugs the brain closely and extends into every fold of the brain’s surface
Pia Mater
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Function: Allow for blood to enter brain
Pia Mater
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A clear, colorless watery fluid that flows in and around the brain and spinal cord
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
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CSF is primarily produced by the _______ which resides in the meninges
choroid plexus
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Amount of CSF produced per day:
500mL
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CSF: Acid base?
Alkaline
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Cloudy CSF
infection (meningitis)
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Bloody/ Reddish CSF
subarachnoid hemorrhage
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↑CSF = ↑ICP=
cerebral edema
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Normal CSF Glucose
50 – 80 mg/dL
*↓= infection (meningitis)
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Normal CSF Protein
20 – 50
*↑ = infection (meningitis)
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CSF Pressure
70 – 180 mmHg
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Specific Gravity
1.007
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↑ CVP =
FVE
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↓ CVP =
FVD
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↑ Specific gravity = FVD =
DHN
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Normal CSF contains a minimal number of __________and no ______________.
white blood cells ; red blood cells
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FVD s/sx
Decrease weight
Pale conjunctiva
↓BP, ↑HR, ↑RR
Poor skin turgor
Dry mucous membrane
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initial sign of hypovolemic shock
RESTLESSNESS
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30% of water on body is lost
Hypovolemia
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↓BP =
↓Pulse pressure (systolic – diastolic)
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The cranial nerves _______________to and from the brain
carry impulses
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↑ICP =
hydrocephalus
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narrow pulse pressure
(normal = 30-40)
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Three sensory
I, II, VIII
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Five – motor
III, IV, VI, XI, and XII
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Olfactory
Sense of smell
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Trochlear
Muscles that move the eye
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Four – mixed sensory and motor
V, VII, IX, X
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Visual acuity and visual fields
Optic
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A nerve responsible for
Facial sensation, corneal reflex, mastication
Trigeminal
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Compressed Oculomotor
anisucoria = unequal pupil
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Muscles that moves the eye and lid, pupillary constriction
Oculomotor
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Abducens
Muscles that move the eye
Longest = ↑ICP = dilated pupil
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Facial
Facial expression and muscle movement, salivation and tearing, taste, sensation in the ear
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Glossopharyngeal
Taste, sensation in pharynx and tongue, pharyngeal muscles, swallowing
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Hearing and equilibrium
Vestibulocochlear/ Auditory/ Acoustic
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Muscles of pharynx, larynx, and soft palate; sensation in external ear, pharynx, larynx, thoracic and abdominal viscera; parasympathetic innervation of thoracic and abdominal organs
Innervates gastrointestinal = causes vasovagal stimulation (bradycardia, syncope)
Vagus
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Accessory
Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
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Hypoglossal
Movement of the tongue
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HIGH NOREPINEPHRINE
manic, high anxiety
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How many cervical in Spinal nerves?
8
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SPINAL NERVES consist of?
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
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How many thoracic in Spinal nerves?
12
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Component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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o SYMPHATETIC
o PARASYMPHATETIC
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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Thin and watery Secretion of salivary glands
PARASYMPATHETIC
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Thick and viscid Secretion of salivary glands
SYMPATHETIC
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Relaxed Urinary bladder
SYMPATHETIC
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NOREPINEPHRINE
Usually excitatory; attention, alertness, focus
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HIGH ACETYLCHOLINE
lacrimation (muta), salivation
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LOW ACETYLCHOLINE
Multiple sclerosis, alzheimers
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ACETYLCHOLINE
Usually excitatory; muscle contraction
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HIGH SEROTONIN
↑ = manic
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SEROTONIN
Inhibitory; helps control mood and sleep, anxiety, inhibits pain pathways
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LOW NOREPINEPHRINE
depression
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LOW SEROTONIN
↓ = depression
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LOW DOPAMINE
↓ = Parkinsons, depression, inhibit pain
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Usually inhibits, affects behavior (attention, emotions) and fine movement
DOPAMINE
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HIGH DOPAMINE
↑ = Manic
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ENDORPHIN
Excitatory; pleasurable sensation, inhibits pain
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