RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
serve as a passageway for air to pass to and from the lungs;
A
Nose
2
Q
filters impurities and humidifies.
A
Nose
3
Q
external openings of nasal cavities
A
Nostril / Nares
4
Q
other term for nasal cavity
A
vestibule
5
Q
narrow vertical divider that separates the nasal cavities
A
Nasal septum
6
Q
upper chambers of the nasal cavities; increase the surface area
A
conchae
7
Q
air-filled extensions of the nasal cavity
A
paranasal sinuses
8
Q
serves as a resonating chamber in speech
A
paranasal sinuses
9
Q
hair-like projections which help in filtering out hair
A
vibrissae
9
Q
common site of infection
A
sinuses
10
Q
Inflammation of the sinus
A
sinusitis
11
Q
Frontal Sinus
A
Pain is felt above the eyebrow
12
Q
Ethmoid Sinus
A
Pain in and around eyes
12
Q
Maxillary Sinus
A
Pain around cheeks
13
Q
Sphenoid Sinus
A
Pain behind eyes
14
Q
Common causative organisms: Sinusitis
A
a. Streptococcus pneumoniae
b. Haemophilus influenza
c. Moraxella catarrhalis
15
Q
Catarrhal symptoms
A
coryza (runny nose)
16
Q
Other symptoms of Sinusitis
A
= headache, ear pain, fever
17
Q
TYPE OF SINUSITIS
A
Viral
Acute
Chronic
Fungal
18
Q
Viral sinusitis
A
infects mucus membranes of sinus (no meds)
18
Q
Acute Sinusitis
A
Due to allergic reaction
19
Q
Chronic Sinusitis
A
2 wks after upper respiratory tract infection
20
Q
Fungal sinusitis
A
Caused by candida albicans
21
Q
Why not ASA
A
Possibility to develop nasal polyps
22
Codeine
- For pain
Instruct not to drive
↑OFI
22
Codeine- SE:
drowsiness, constipation
22
Antibiotic of Sinusitis
Amoxicillin
23
Amoxicillin
7-10 days
24
Nasal congestion of Sinusitis
Dimetap, Sudafed
24
Dimetap, Sudafed. How long?
24-72 hours
25
Tube-like structure that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx
PHARYNX
26
Three regions of Pharynx:
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
27
The pharynx functions as a_______________________________.
passageway for the respiratory and digestive tracts
28
It regulates the passage of air to the lungs and food and fluid to the esophagus
LARYNGOPHARYNX
29
Muscular, box-shaped passageway posterior to the nose
NASOPHARYNX
30
Includes the back part of tongue , tonsils, soft palate, and the sides and walls of the throat
OROPHARYNX
31
Keeps food and liquid from getting into the respiratory system
EPIGLOTTIS
32
A lymph node that help to filter out bacteria and prevent other germs to prevent infection in the body
TONSILS
32
1-3x a year
TONSILLITIS
33
Causative agent of TONSILLITIS:
GABHS
34
S/SX of Tonsillitis
a. Dysphagia
b. Throat discomfort (hot and acidic beverages)
c. Halitosis
d. Fever
34
To Relieve s/sx of tonsillitis
warm saline gargle
34
Eliminate bacteria
↑OFI
35
Surgery of tonsillitis; how many times in a year?
4-6x a year
36
Pre Op tonsillitis: the pt. should not have a URTI?
yes, to prevent wound dehiscence
37
Pre Op tonsillitis: Check prothrombin time
prone to bleeding
37
Bleeding s/sx
FHHDM
frequent swallowing
hemoptysis
hypotension
decrease loc
melena
38
black tarry stool / swallowed blood
Melena (normal 1-3 days)
39
Recommended position after tonsillectomy when unconscious
Prone with head turned to side with pillow under chest
40
Recommended position after tonsillectomy once awake
semi-fowlers (promote lung expansion)
41
TT: Provide ice – cold fluids
ice chips
42
Avoid ASA in?
Tonsillectomy
43
________ is contraindicated after tonsillectomy, including ice cream
Milk; makes secretion viscous
44
Avoid red/dark-colored fluids/beverages
it mask signs of bleeding
45
Avoid coughing, sneezing, blowing nose for________
1-2 weeks= cause wound dehiscence
46
TT: Expected color of stool for few days
black tarry stool (melena)
46
Voice box
LARYNX
47
A cartilaginous epithelium – lined structure that connects the pharynx and trachea
LARYNX
48
TOTAL LARYNGECTOMY (s/sx)
hint: LL
o Loss of voice
o Loss of smell
49
Larynx Major function:
vocalization
49
Initial manifestation of laryngeal Ca:
persistent hoarseness of voice
50
Also protects the lower airway from foreign substances and facilitates coughing
LARYNX
50
After total laryngectomy? Inability to:
BSWGV
51
Flap of cartilage located in the throat behind the tongue and in front of the larynx
EPIGLOTTIS
51
Forms the entrance to the larynx/ covers the larynx
EPIGLOTTIS
52
Windpipe
TRACHEA
52
Composed of smooth muscle with C-shaped rings (16-20) of cartilage at regular intervals
TRACHEA
53
Serves as the passage between the larynx and the bronchi; allowing the passage of air
TRACHEA
54
C-shaped rings
(16-20)
55
56
Paired elastic structures enclosed in the thoracic cage.
Also, Major organs of the respiratory system.
LUNGS
57
How many lobes does the right lung have?
right lung has 3 lobes and is slightly larger
than the left lung.
57
mediastinum
It is the area that contains the heart, trachea,
esophagus, and many lymph nodes.
58
Predisposing factors to lung
cancer
Smoking, asbestos exposure, and hereditary
factors.
59
Warning signs of lung cancer
PHRCA
60
late signs of lung cancer
WWAA
61
pneumonectomy
removal of a lung.
62
What is the recommended position for a patient
undergoing pneumonectomy?
The patient should be positioned toward the
affected side to avoid leakage of fluid on the
unaffected side.
63
lobectomy
removal of a lobe.
64
What is the recommended position for a patient
undergoing lobectomy?
The patient should be positioned toward the
unaffected side.
65
hallmark symptom of pneumonia
Rusty colored sputum.
66
What is the diagnostic test for identifying the
causative organism in pneumonia?
Sputum culture.
67
What is the diagnostic test for showing lung
consolidation in pneumonia?
X-ray.
68
What is the pleura?
A serous membrane that lines the lungs and wall of
the thorax.
68
function of the pleura
To lubricate the thorax and lungs and permit
smooth motion of the lungs within the thoracic
cavity with each breath.
69
Lungs is separated by the__________
mediastinum
69
lobes of lung
Right 3 lobes
Left 2 lobes
69
70
amount of fluid in the pleural space
10-20 ml.
70
pleural effusion
Accumulation of fluid in pleural space.
71
hydrothorax
Water in pleural space.
72
Visceral pleura
covers the lungs
72
Parietal pleura
lines the thorax
73
Blood in pleural space.
hemothorax
73
Air in pleural space.
pneumothorax
74
inflammation of the pleura.
pleurisy
75
pneumothorax
presence of air in the pleural
space
76
bronchiectasis
dilatation of the bronchioles.
77
hallmark symptom of bronchiectasis
persistent productive cough
78
alveoli
tiny air sacs that function as basic
respiratory units
79
Type 1 alveolar cells
form the alveolar walls and are
responsible for the major exchange of gases.
80
What is the recommended position during a
thoracentesis procedure?
sitting upright and leaning forward
81
Gold standard for diagnosing
bronchiectasis
CT scan.
81
What is thoracentesis?
removal of fluid or air from the
pleural cavity.
82
What is the recommended position after a
thoracentesis procedure?
unaffected side to prevent
leakage.
82
What is the major exchange that occurs in the
alveoli?
Gas exchange.
83
Type 2 epithelial cells
secrete surfactant
84
A phospholipid that lines
the inner surface and prevents alveolar collapse.
surfactant
85
Type 3 cells
macrophages
85
ingest foreign matter
and act as an important defense mechanism.
macrophages
86
What does the Lecithin Sphingomyelin Ratio test
measure?
The amount of 2 substances found in the amniotic
fluid during pregnancy.
87
normal ratio for LS ratio test?
2:1
88
Indication for the LS Ratio test
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).
88
Hallmark of emphysema
Barrel chest/ AP chest diameter.
89
safest amount of oxygen for patients
with emphysema
1-2 L (not to depress normal breathing).
89
What dietary recommendations are given for
patients with emphysema?
HIGH Protein, Vit C,
LOW carbs, ¯fat.
89
large tubes that connect to the trachea
BRONCHI
89
smaller branches of the bronchial airways
BRONCHIOLES
90
How many alveoli is?
300 million
91
about 300 million alveoli are arranged in clusters of _________.
15-20
91
3 Types of Alveolar cells
TYPE 1, 2, 3.
92
LOW PH HIGH CO2
emphysema
93
High Co2; teaching?
Pursed lip breathing
94
Respiratory alkalosis; give?
brown paper bag
95
Purulent sputum amount per day?
>500 ml/day
96
dilatation of bronchioles means?
results to decrease ability to clear mucus
97
amount of fluid to withdrawn in thoracentesis
60ml
98
why not to exceed in 60 ml in withdrawing in throacentesis
to prevent FVD
99
can determine fetal lung maturity
surfactant
100
corticosteroids for fetal lung maturity? 2
Dexamethasone and Betamethasone
