Gastrointestinal System Flashcards
This deck covers Chapters 79-86 in Rosens, compromising all of gastroenterology.
What are the 4 narrowings in the esophagus?
- Upper esophageal sphincter
- Aortic arch
- Left mainstem bronchus
- LES
Differentiate between direct and indirect inguinal hernias.
Direct
- Medial to epigastrics
- Usually from the weakened abdominal wall
Indirect
- Lateral to epigastrics
- Usually from patent processus vaginalis
- 5x more common than direct
What are 5 indications for endoscopic removal of an ESOPHAGEAL foreign body?
- Airway compromise
- Button battery
- >24h
- Sharp
- Distress
- Failure of other measures
What is Charcot’s triad? Reynold’s pentad?
Charcot
- Fever
- Jaundice
- RUQ pain
Reynold
- Fever
- Jaundice
- RUQ pain
- Hypotension
- Confusion
Which 2 bacteria mimic appendicitis?
- Yersinia
- Campylobacter
List 5 causes of elevated amylase
- Pancreatitis
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Parotitis
- Renal failure
- Mesenteric ischemia
- Bowel obstruction
- PUD
- Peritonitis
List 8 physical exam findings of cirrhosis
- Palmar erythema
- Caput medusa
- Ascites
- Hepatomegaly
- Spider nevi
- Testicular atrophy
- Gynecomastia
- Jaundice
- Dupuytren’s contractures
- Thin skin
- Easy bruising
List 6 causes of traveler’s diarrhea
Bacteria
- E. coli (ETEC)
- Shigella
- Campylobacter
- Salmonella
Viruses
- Norovirus
- Rotavirus
Parasites
- Giardia
- Cryptosporidium
- Entamoeba histolytica
Differentiate sigmoid from cecal volvulus
Triad (more common in Sigmoid)
- Pain
- Distention
- Constipation
Cecal Volvulus
- No gas in the distal colon
- Usually pregnant patients (1: 1,000,000 pregnancies)
- Surgery to fix
- Only one air-fluid level seen
Sigmoid Volvulus
- Coffee bean sign
- Usually older people with constipation
- Endoscopy to fix unless ischemia/gangrene
List and interpret the following hepatitis serologic markers:
- HBsAb
- HBsAg
- HBcAb
- HBcAg
- HBeAb
- HBeAg
- HBsAb - Acute/Past Infection or Immunity
- HBsAg - Active infection
- HBcAb - Acute/Past Infection
- HBcAg - Acute Infection
- HBeAb - Resolving infection + Infective!
- HBeAg - Acute Infection + Infective!
What are the indications for empiric treatment of SBP with a pending culture?
- ANC >250 (>100 if on PD)
- Granulocyte count >500
- Ascitic fluid: Leuk +, pH low
Treatment
- Ceftriaxone 2 g IV (note dose)
- Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV if PCN allergic
- Intraperitoneal is preferred for patients on PD
List 5 causes of appendiceal lumen obstruction
- Fecolith
- Appendicolith
- Lymphadenopathy
- FB
- Tumour
- Parasite (Ascaris)
List 6 complications from esophageal button batteries
- Ulceration
- Perforation
- Migration
- Obstruction
- UGIB
- Stricture
- Fistula
Name 3 findings of SBO on x-ray
- Air-fluid levels
- Dilated loops >3cm
- Plicae circularis
- “String of beads” sign
List 6 substances or conditions that damage the gastric mucosal barrier
- NSAIDs
- Alcohol
- Prednisone
- Smoking
- Bile
- Pancreatic secretions
- H. pylori
- Stress
- Shock state
List 5 sonographic findings of cholecystitis
- Impacted stone
- Thickened wall >3 mm
- Pericholecystic fluid
- Sonographic Murphys’s
- Distended lumen >4 cm
What are the Rome III criteria for IBS?
Abdo pain 3 days/month x3 months with 2 of:
- Change in bowel frequency
- Change in bowel consistency
- Pain relieved with BMs
List 8 drugs that cause pancreatitis
- Steroids
- Tylenol
- Alcohol
- Ranitidine
- ASA
- Lasix
- Flagyl
- Macrobid
- Septra
- Tetracycline
- Valproate
What is the BEST TEST to rule out esophageal perforation?
- Upper GI series w/ gastrograffin
- Endoscopy may miss small perforations
- CT chest can pick up mediastinal air, abscesses
What percentage of patients with a needlestick injury will get HepB? HepC? HIV?
- HIV = 0.3%
- Hep C = 3% (really like 1.8% according to CDC)
- Hep B = 30%
These ‘classic numbers’ are dated…
List 6 causes of chronic pancreatitis
- EtOH
- Trauma
- Autoimmune
- Hyperlipidemia
- Hyperparathyroidism (High Ca)
- Pancreatic cancer/obstruction
- Cystic fibrosis
- Alpha-1 Anti-trypsin deficiency
List 5 types of anorectal abscess. Which can be treated with I&D in the ED?
- Perianal
- Ischiorectal
- Intersphincteric
- Supralevator
- Postanal
I&D = ischiorectal and perianal
What is the management of acute mesenteric ischemia?
- IVF +/- low-dose pressors
- ABx
- Surgery consult
- Papaverine (PDE inhibitor)
- Heparin
Name 2 other scoring systems (other than Ranson) for predicting mortality from pancreatitis
Atlanta
- Ranson 3+ or
- APACHE II 8+ or
- Organ failure
APACHE II
- Components are basic vitals and investigations
- MAP, HR, RR, Temp, GCS
- Na, K, Cr, HCT, pH