Pediatrics Flashcards
This deck covers Chapters 160-177 in Rosens, compromising all of pediatrics.
What medication should be given to babies (~2-3 weeks) presenting with cyanotic CHD? Dose? Side effects?
PGE1 0.05-0.1 ug/kg/min IV infusion
Side effects:
- Fever
- Seizure
- Apnea
- Hypotension
- Bradycardia
List 7 anatomical differences in children and the relevance.
- Large surface to weight ratio = More heat loss
- Large head, floppy neck = Higher rate of head injury
- Narrow airway = More easily obstructed
- CV Compromise/Hypotension is late = Well until crashing
- Pliable bones = More force to vital organs
- Physeal plates are weakest = Growth plate injuries
- Nose breathers = Secretions cause significant WOB
List 5 causes of decreased stroke volume in children
- Dehydration
- Pericarditis w/ tamponade
- Myocarditis
- CHF
- HOCM
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
- Tachydysrhythmias
List 6 treatment options for a child having a “tet spell”
- Oxygen
- Knee-to-chest
- Calm the child
- Morphine 0.1 mg/kg IV/IM
* Fentanyl 1 ug/kg IV/IM - Ketamine 1 mg/kg IV
- Phenylephrine 20 ug/kg IV
- Propranolol 0.01 - 0.02 mg/kg IV
* Esmolol 500 ug/kg bolus IV
What are the historical features (4) concerning for child abuse?
- Lacking details
- Inconsistent on repeat questioning
- Inconsistent with developmental status
- Inconsistent mechanism with injury
Draw a diagram outlining fetal circulation.
From mom, through umbilical vein (1)
Bypass liver via ductus venosus
Enter heart at IVC
Bypass lungs via patent foramen ovale to aorta
Bypass RV via patent ductus arteriosus to aorta
Blood then leaves placenta via umbilical arteries (2)
List 5 infectious and 3 non-infectious causes of HUS
Why are antibiotics contraindicated?
Infectious
- E. coli O157:H7
- Shigella
- S. pneumoniae
- Aeromonas
- HIV
Non-Infectious
- Drugs
- Hereditary
- Familial
- Idiopathic
ABx enhances release of bacterial verotoxin
What is the peak age for SCFE?
Name 6 associations with SCFE
Peak age = 12 y/o, older in boys
- Male
- Obesity
- Black
- Endocrine disorders
- Radiation therapy
- Renal osteodystrophy
List 6 causes of childhood ataxia
- Acute cerebellar ataxia
- Post-infectious demyelinating encephalomyelitis
- Brainstem encephalitis
- Drug ingestion
- Inborn errors of metabolism
- Migraine
- MS
- Brain mass
- Seizures
- Stroke
- Vertebral artery dissection
List 4 CHDs that are duct dependent for Left to Right
- Duct required to get blood into pulmonary circulation
List 3 CHDs that are duct dependent for Right to Left
- Duct required to get blood into the arterial circulation
Left to Right
- Pulmonary atresia
- Tricuspid atresia
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- Hypoplastic right heart
- TGA
Right to Left
- Hypoplastic left heart
- Pre-ductal coarctation
- Severe aortic stenosis
List 8 episodic disorders that may mimic seizures in children
- BRUE
- Breath-holding spell
- Rigors
- GERD
- Migraine
- BPPV
- Syncope
- Stroke
- Sleep disorders
- Movement disorders
- Psychogenic seizure
Provide a DDx for a systolic murmur in the following locations:
- LUSB
- LLSB
- RUSB
- Apex
LUSB
- Pulmonary stenosis
- PDA
- Flow murmur
- ASD
LLSB
- Tricuspid regurgitation
- Still’s murmur
- VSD
- Tetralogy
- HOCM
RUSB
- Aortic stenosis
- Coarctation
Apex
- Mitral regurgitation
- Still’s murmur
- HOCM
Provide 2 congenital and 2 acquired causes of stridor in each of supraglottic, glottic, and infraglottic areas.
_Congenital_
- Supraglottic
- Micrognathia
- Pierre Robin syndrome
- Treacher Collins
- Thyroglossal duct cyst
- Lingual thyroid
- Choanal atresia
- Down syndrome
- Macroglossia
- Storage diseases
- Glottic
- Laryngomalacia
- Vocal cord paralysis
- Laryngeal web
- Laryngocele
- Infraglottic
- Subglottic stenosis
- Tracheomalacia
- Tracheal stenosis
- Vascular ring
- Hemangioma cyst
_Acquired_
- Supraglottic
- Foreign body
- Pharyngeal abscess
- Epiglottitis
- Tonsillar hypertrophy
- Adenopathy
- Glottic
- Foreign body
- Papillomas
- Infraglottic
- Foreign body
- Croup
- Bacterial tracheitis
- Subglottic stenosis
List the most common organism for each of croup, epiglottitis, and bacterial tracheitis.
- Croup = Parainfluenza virus
- Epiglottitis = H. flu
- Bacterial tracheitis = S. aureus
List 10 causes of vomiting in children
- Meningitis
- Brain mass
- Overdose
- DKA
- CAH
- UTI
- CHF
- Pneumonia
- AOM
- Sepsis
- Any GI issue…
List the normal vital signs by age (HR, RR, BP)
Heart Rate
- <1 year = 100 - 160
- 1-2 years = 90 - 150
- 2-5 years = 80 - 140
- 5-12 years = 70 - 120
- 12+ years = 60 - 100
Respiratory Rate
- <1 year = 30 - 60
- 1-2 years = 24 - 40
- 2-5 years = 22 - 34
- 5-12 years = 18 - 30
- 12+ years = 12 - 16
Blood Pressure
- <1 month = 60 mmHg
- 1-12 months = 70 mmHg
- 1-10 years = 70 + (Age x 2)
How do you manage bronchiolitis in the ED?
Name 2 treatments that have evidence for, 2 against, and 2 equivocal.
Treatment = Supportive
Evidence for:
- Oxygen
- Hydration
Equivocal:
- Nebulized epinephrine + Dexamethasone
- Nasal suction
Against:
- Ventolin/Atrovent
- Steroids
- Antibiotics
- Hypertonic Saline
List 8 things on a DDx for bacterial meningitis
- Stroke
- Brain bleed
- CNS vasculitis
- SAH
- AOM
- Sepsis
- Meningitis
- Encephalitis
- Brain abscess
- Brain mass
- Sympathomimetics
- ASA
- Anticholinergics
- Thyrotoxicosis
- NMS
- SS
- MH
- Heat stroke
- Viral URTI
What is the CPS statement on steroids in meningitis?
Dexamethasone 0.6 mg/kg IV div q6h
- Give within 4h of ABx (earlier is likely better)
- Mortality benefit with S. pneumoniae
- Hearing loss benefit with H. influenzae
What investigations would you order as a “critical sample”?
Usual
- Electrolytes
- LFTs
- Glucose
- Lactate
Nutrients
- Ketones
- Free Fatty Acids
- Amino Acids
Hormones
- Growth Hormone
- Cortisol
- Insulin
What are the diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki disease?
CREAM
Fever >5 days plus 4 of the following:
- Conjunctivitis (bilateral, non-suppurative)
- Rash (generalized maculopapular rash)
- Extremity changes (swelling/red, sloughing on hands/feet)
- Adenopathy (>1.5 cm)
- Mucosal involvement (Strawberry tongue, red lips/throat)
What is the treatment of phimosis?
- Topical steroids (Betamethasone x6 weeks)
- Dilation
- Dorsal slit/Circumcision
How is the desired amount of ORT estimated and given?
- Estimate degree of dehydration
- Mild 30 mL/kg, Mod 60 mL/kg, Sev 90 mL/kg
- Calculate the desired volume
- Multiply weight by severity
- Replace ongoing losses
- 10 mL/kg per stool
- 2 mL/kg per vomit
- Administer 25%/hr x4 hr
- Re-evaluate at 4 hours
What is the etiology and treatment for septic arthritis by age?
- 0-2 months
- 2 months - 5 years
- 5 - 12 years
- >12 years
0-2 months
- GBS
- S. aureus
- N. gonorrhea
2 months - 5 years
- S. aureus
- Streptococcus
- Kingella
- H. influenzae
5 - 12 years
- S. aureus
- Streptococcus pyogenes
>12 years
- S. aureus
- N. gonorrhea
Treatment
- Cefotaxime/Ceftriaxone + Vancomycin

