Orthopedics Flashcards
This deck covers Chapters 42-51 in Rosens, compromising all of orthopedics and plastic surgery.
List 4 indications for consultation with orthopedics
- Long bone fractures
- Joint fracture
- Joint violation
- Neurovascular compromosie
List 8 different descriptors for a fracture
- Bone
- Location on bone
- Open/Closed
- Direction of fracture line
- Simple/Comminuted
- Angulation
- Displacement
- Type: Avulsion, Compression, Pathologic, Stress
List 6 causes for weakened bones.
- Cancer
- Hyper PTH
- Giant Cell Tumour
- Echondromata
- Cysts
- Osteomalacia
- Osteogenesis Imperfecta
- Scurvy
- Rickets
- Paget’s
Describe the 5 steps involved with fracture healing
- Hematoma
- Inflammatory
- Soft Callus
- Hard Callus
- Remodeling
Define:
- Delayed union
- Malunion
- Non-union
- Delayed union - longer than usual healing
- Malunion - residual deformity remains
- Non-union - failure to unite
List 4 characteristics of nutrient arteries that can help differentiate them from a fracture line.
- Thin
- Angulated through cortex
- Only one side of the cortex
- Less radiolucent
- Sharply marginated
How do you classify and manage open fractures?
Gustillo
- Grade I - <1 cm
- Ancef 2g IV
- Grade II - 1-10 cm
- Ancef 2g IV +/- Gentamycin 5 mg/kg IV
- Grade IIIA - >10 cm + soft tissue stripping
- Grade IIIB - >10 cm + periosteal stripping
- Grade IIIC - >10 cm + vascular injury
- Ancef 2g IV + Gentamycin 5 mg/kg IV
How much blood loss is associated with these fractures?
- Radius/Ulna
- Humerus
- Tib/Fib
- Femur
- Pelvis
- Radius/Ulna
- 150 cc
- Humerus
- 250 cc
- Tib/Fib
- 500 cc
- Femur
- 1000 cc
- Pelvis
- 2000 cc
Define and describe three types of nerve injury.
- Neuropraxia
* Stretch inhibiting neurotransmission - Axonotmesis
* Axon damaged, intact epineurium - Neurotmesis
* Axon and epineurium damaged
What nerve is commonly injured in these injuries:
- Distal radius
- Elbow injury
- Shoulder dislocation
- Sacral fracture
- Acetabular fracture
- Anterior hip dislocation
- Posterior hip dislocation
- Femoral shaft fracture
- Knee dislocation
- Lateral tibial plateau fracture
- Distal radius - Median
- Elbow injury- Median/Ulnar
- Shoulder dislocation - Axillary
- Sacral fracture - S1-S5
- Acetabular fracture - Sciatic
- Anterior Hip dislocation - Femoral
- Posterior Hip dislocation - Sciatic
- Femoral shaft fracture - Femoral nerve
- Knee dislocation - Tibial/Fibular
- Lateral tibial plateau fracture - Fibular
What are the 6 P’s of compartment syndrome?
- Pain (out of proportion/on passive stretch)
- Paresthesia
- Paralysis
- Poikilothermic
- Pulseless
- Pallor
List 8 causes of compartment syndrome
- Vascular injury, Coagulation D/O, OAC
- Reperfusion
- Fracture
- Convulsion
- Exercise
- Burn
- Intra-arterial drug injection
- Interstitial infusion
- Snakebite
- DVT
- Tight casts
Name 5 anatomic compartments in the lower extremity that are more prone to compartment syndrome?
Leg
- Anterior (MCC)
- Lateral
- Deep posterior
- Superficial posterior
Thigh
- Quadriceps
Buttock
- Gluteal
Name 4 anatomic compartments in the upper extremity that are more prone to compartment syndrome?
Hand
- Interosseous
Forearm
- Dorsal
- Volar
Arm
- Deltoid
- Biceps
What pressures are concerning for compartment syndrome?
Normal = 0 mmHg
Concern = >30 mmHg or within 30 of MAP/dBP
Tx:
- Fasciotomy
- Don’t raise limb above heart
Name the adverse outcome associated with:
- Open Fracture
- Injury with Vascular Disruption
- Pelvic Fracture
- Hip Dislocation
- Compartment Syndrome
- Open Fracture
- Osteomyelitis
- Injury with Vascular Disruption
- Amputation
- Pelvic Fracture
- Exsanguination
- Hip Dislocation
- AVN femoral head
- Compartment Syndrome
- Ischemic contracture, amputation, AKI
Name 5 bones prone to AVN
- Femoral head
- Navicular
- Talus
- Scaphoid
- Lunate
- Capitate
What are the signs/symptoms of fat embolism syndrome?
- Neuro - confusion, coma, stupor (edema)
- Cardio - hypotension
- Resp - ARDS
- Heme - thrombocytopenia
- Derm - petechial rash
- Other - fever, jaundice
What are fracture blisters? Where do they occur? Do they impact management?
Tense bullae formed after high-energy injury
Location
- Usually ankle, elbow, foot, knee
Treatment:
- Cover with poviodine soaked sterile dressing
- Requires delay in Sx or approach not over the blister
List 6 complications of fractures and 6 complications of immobility
Fractures
- Pain
- Hemorrhage
- Vascular injury
- Nerve injury
- Compartment syndrome
- AVN
- Fat embolism syndrome
- Reflex dystrophy
- Volkmann’s ischemic contracture
- Non-union
- Malunion
Immobility
- Pneumonia
- DVT
- PE
- UTI
- Wound infection
- Decubitus ulcer
- Muscle atrophy
- Stress ulcers
List 5 complications of casting
- Compartment syndrome
- Burn
- Pressure sore
- Pruritic dermatitis
- Bacterial/Fungal infection
What is damage control orthopedic surgery?
Surgery meant to stop bleeding and aid resuscitation with attempts at definitive repair taken later when more stable
Define subluxation and dislocation
Subluxation
- Partial loss of continuity of a joint surface
Dislocation
- Complete loss of continuity of a joint surface
Characterize the various degrees of sprains
1st Degree
- Minor tearing/overstretching of some fibers
2nd Degree
- Partial-thickness tear
3rd Degree
- Complete thickness tear
































