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PSYC 305 > Gender and Personality > Flashcards

Gender and Personality Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

examples of people who used biological differences to talk about men vs women’s worth ethic

A

Lawrence Summers- Harvard uni president talking about differences in math and science
James Damore- sex differences are why we don’t see equal representation in tech and leadership
separatist men in tech movement
‘the essential difference’ book

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2
Q

what scientist is pro studying gender differences

A

Pinker

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3
Q

what scientist is against studying gender differences

A

Spelke

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4
Q

what are some concerns with studying gender differences

A

acceptance of gender differences in ability could promote discrimination
self-fulfilling prophecy

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5
Q

what is the self-fulfilling prophecy concern of studying gender differences?

A

young children who believe in gender differences could inhibit their success

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6
Q

what are some gender differences seen in math and science

A

varies by culture
middle school boys outperformed girls 13:1, now presently 3:1
gender differences only emerge after elementary school

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7
Q

what was Dar-Nimrod and Heine’s research question?

A

does telling women that they are genetically worse at math lower their math performance?

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8
Q

what was Dar-Nimrod’s methods?

A

told to read an essay that said there are differences in math performance between genders that are either genetic differences, experiential differences, no differences, or didn’t read an essay
were primed with their gender
did a math test after

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9
Q

what is standard stereotype threat

A

being aware of a stereotype about your identity will cause you to conform to it

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10
Q

what were the results of Dar-Nimrod’s study

A

females (compared to males) did worse when told gender differences in math skills were genetic

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11
Q

what is the gender difference in memory?

A

men remember less about the past 3 weeks than women

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12
Q

what is the proposed explanation for Dar-Nimrod’s results?

A

the genetic explanation gives a sense of lack of control of abilities

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13
Q

what traits of extraversion do men have more of?

A

assertiveness
activity

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14
Q

what traits of extraversion do women have more of?

A

gregariousness

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15
Q

what traits of agreeableness do men have more of?

A

aggressiveness

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16
Q

what traits of agreeableness do women have more of?

A

trust
tender-mindedness

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17
Q

which gender tends to be more conscientious

A

women

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18
Q

what traits of emotional stability do men have more of?

A

impulsiveness

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19
Q

what traits of emotional stability do women have more of?

A

anxiety

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20
Q

which gender tends to be more open?

A

men
basically equal tho (0.3)

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21
Q

what are some gender differences in emotion?

A

women experience -ve emotions at greater frequency and intensity
women score higher on measures of empathy

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22
Q

what are some gender differences in aggression?

A

no differences until age 2
4+ boys show higher aggression
teen boys have higher rates of delinquency
boys are are 6-10x more likely to have conduct disorders
men commit more crimes across culture

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23
Q

what is the likelihood of one gender committing murder over another?

A

males are 10x more likely to commit murder

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24
Q

what percentage of murders are male offender/male victim?

A

65%

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25
what percentage of murders are male offender/female victim?
23%
26
what percentage of murders are female offender/male victim?
10%
27
what percentage of murders are female offender/female victim?
2%
28
what is the relationship with aggression in childhood and criminal convictions?
high aggression levels lead to more criminal convictions
29
what is the realtionship with tv viewing and criminal acts?
no relationship in females higher tv viewing predicts more agression in males
30
what can explain the difference in aggression between the males and females?
girls and boys show aggression differently
31
what type of aggression do males typically show?
overt aggression
32
what is overt aggression
physical or verbal assaults
33
what type of aggression do females usually show?
relational aggression
34
what is relational aggression
mean girls model exclusing others, withdrawing acceptance, spreading false rumors
35
what are gender differences in self-esteem
women usually have lower self esteem
36
at what ages is self esteem comparable between males and females
childhood 70+
37
considering both types of aggression, what are gender differences in aggression levels
no difference
38
what can be the reason females show a sharp drop in self-esteem in adolescents
messaging about the perfect women is added to their self-concept
39
what is a possible difference in media between female and male messaging
male messaging has more consistency with the bodies
40
what difference in ideal body and actual body do we see in children?
females rate their ideal body as significantly skinnier than they rate their actual body males ideal and actual are much closer
41
what has a recent literature reviewof gender differences in body image found?
men have more positive body images gender difference was larger for more recent studies
42
what are some findings in body image and girl's self esteem decline?
exposure to media showing thin body ideal linked to lower self-esteem introduction of American TV in Fiji increased prevalence of eating disorders and increased -ve body image
43
what is the hypothesis of the body image self-esteem study
girls in countries that begin receiving magazines depicting idealized body images will show larger decline in self-esteem during adolescence
44
what were the methods of the body image self-esteem study?
internet sample from 34 countries measured self esteem in children and adolecents coded each country for availability of popular women's magazines
45
what were the results for the body-image self-esteem study?
availability of magazines to girls dropped their self-esteem by a lot availability of magazines to boys also dropped their self-esteem but not by as much
46
what are gender roles
popular conceptions of gender, which may influence behaviour socialization of children to act in sex-stereotyped ways
47
what are sex differences
actual differences between males and females in personality traits
48
what has research found to be common traits of masculinity
instrumentality assertiveness dominance
49
what has research found to be common traits of femininity
nurturance emotional expression empathy
50
true or false; masculinity was only found in men and femininity was only found in women
false; either gender could be high in either
51
what are gender schemata
cognitive orientations that lead people to process info through a sex-linked perspective
52
what are the modern names for masculinity and femininity
instrumentality expressiveness
53
what relationship was found between genes and sex typical behaviours?
variance in gender-typical behaviour is partly due to genes there are genes for sex typical behaviours, but not necessarily linked to biological sex
54
what are the stereotypes about men
instrumental/agentic aggressive, autonomous, achievement oriented, dominant, exhibitionist, perservering
55
what are the stereotypes about women?
communal affiliative, deferent, nurturant, self-abasing
56
what are some facts about stereotypes and gender
consistent across culture converge with actual sex differences but exaggerated
57
what are the 3 components of gender stereotypes
cognitive affective behavioural
58
what is the cognitive component of gender stereotypes
the social category you can fit in based on your gender
59
what is the affective component of gender stereotypes
the +ve or -ve feelings that results from categorization based on gender
60
what is the behavioural component of gender stereotypes
treating people differently based on their gender category
61
what is an example of a cognitive component?
dads soccer moms
62
what is an example of an affective component?
sexism preference of one gender over the other
63
what is an example of a behavioural component?
job discrimination
64
what may be the explanation for prejudice against women as leaders
incongruity between the gender stereotype and leader role stereotype leads to lower evaluations of women as potential leaders
65
what are the different theories that explain gender differences
socialization theory hormonal theories
66
what is socialization theory
boys and girls are raised differently
67
what is support for socialization theory
fits with Bandura's social learning theory parents encourage dependency in girls more parents have more physical play with boys socialization differences are replicated across cultures
68
what is bandura's social learning theory
children observe and learn from same-sex parent
69
what are the limitations of socialization theory
why are they raised differently why does it replicate across cultures can't account for gender dysphoria
70
what is Gender Gate Theory
children's gender is fluid before the age of 2
71
who proposed gender gate theory
Dr. Money
72
what happened to Bruce Reimer
assigned female at birth because of botched circumcision still showed stereotypically boy behaviour in childhood eventually identified as a man again once told the truth
73
what are the hormonal theories
sex differences are due to hormonal differences that begin in utero
74
what is congenital adrenal hyperlasia
female fetuses have an overactive adrenal gland that hormonally masculizes them
75
what toys do children with CAH usually prefer? is this supported by the literature?
prefer 'male' toys no, inconsistent which are considered boy toys across studies
76
what is evidence for hormonal theories
congenital adrenal hyperplasia high testosterone in women linked to; -more 'masculine' careers -greater dominance -more disciplinary infractions in prison high T found in more rambunctious frat boys high T leads to higher sex drive in both genders
77
true or false; it is usually difficult to know whether a gender difference is biological or socially learned
true
78
what was olsen testing
whether trans kids show cognitive associations more similar to cis kids of same bio sex or same gender identity
79
what were the results of olsen's study
trans kids show the same cognitive associations as cis kids of the same gender identity

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