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PSYC 305 > Trait Taxonomies > Flashcards

Trait Taxonomies Flashcards

1
Q

trait

A

adjectiv that describes the way some people are

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2
Q

key elements of traits

A

internal rather rather than external
consistent across similar situations
stable across time
has individual differences that are on a continuum
descriptive, not explanatory

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3
Q

how does extraversion vary depending on differences in people?

A

more extroverted people will always be more extraverted in any situation than a more introverted person

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4
Q

how does extraversion vary depending on different situations?

A

an extraverted person may be less extraverted in some situations (home) and more in others (party)

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5
Q

what are NOT traits?

A

temporary states
attitudes
cognitive ability
physical attributes
social categories

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6
Q

what approach is used to determine which traits are more important

A

the lexical approach

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7
Q

what is the lexical approach

A

learn about personality through it’s appearance in language

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8
Q

what is a signal that a trait is more important

A

will be cross-culturally universal
Will have high synonym frequency

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9
Q

what is cross-cultural universality?

A

a concept or word (e.g. trait) that has language dedicated to it in all cultures

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10
Q

what is a trait taxonomy?

A

comprehensive system that includes all major traits of personality

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11
Q

what is a characteristic of trait taxonomies?

A

hierarchical system

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12
Q

what is the research procedure for the ‘Lexical Approach to Pride’ study

A

participants listed words that describe how they think, feel, and do when they feel prideful
researchers figured out how words grouped together

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13
Q

what is the statistical procedure for the ‘Lexical Approach to Pride’ study

A

ask participants to rate extent to which each trait describes them
enter ratings into factor anaysis, showing how traits hold together

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14
Q

how many words were listed by 2% of the participants in the Lexical Approach to Pride study?

A

65

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15
Q

what is the theoretical procedure for the ‘Lexical Approach to Pride’ study

A

researchers thought about how many traits should matter based on a pre-articulated theory

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16
Q

what was the results of the ‘Lexical Approach to Pride’ study

A

Two-Facet theory

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17
Q

what is the two-facet theory

A

there are two versions of pride
authentic pride
hubristic pride

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18
Q

what is authentic pride

A

pride that promotes social investments and fosters genuine self-esteem

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19
Q

what is hubristic pride

A

pride related to aggression, hostility, and narcissism

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20
Q

what were the changes in the field of personality in 1968

A

mega-theories era ends
middle-level theories emerge
the rise of social psychology

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21
Q

what are characteristics of middle-level theories

A

domain-specific
traits are used to describe/predict types of behaviours
behaviour is a function of personality

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22
Q

what social psychology theories rose to popularity in 1968

A

Interactionism
situationism

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23
Q

who founded interactionism

A

Lewin

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24
Q

who founded situationism

A

festinger

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25
what is the characteristic of interactionism
behaviour is a function of personality and situation
26
what are the characteristics of situationism
behaviour is a function of situation personality is only error variance and therefore irrelevant
27
what studies are examples of situationism
Asch's conformity study Milgram's obedience study Zimbardo's prison study
28
what is Asch's conformity study?
fake paticipants all agree that one line is the most like an example when it clearly isn't participant usually conforms to the group
29
what was mischel's critique of personality psychology in 1968?
personality could not predict behaviour people will act differently in different situations
30
what happened to personality psych after Mischel's critique
personality psych field suffered social psych blossomed
31
what points did the personality psych field make after it was critiqued?
1. personality traits can predict behaviour over the long-term 2. broad traits predict broad behaviours and vice-versa 3. people's behaviour is consistent relative to others 4. personality traits are stable over long periods
32
what do we need to do to predict a behaviour in an individual?
aggregation of traits
33
what does aggregating behaviours mean?
averaging/summing behaviours together for an individual
34
what is an example of a narrow trait that predicts a narrow behaviour
punctuality -> showing up to class on time
35
example of a broad trait that predicts a broad behaviour
conscientiousness -> good academic performance
36
what is something that is linked to adult personality
child temperament
37
what theory is accepted today as the predictor of behaviour
interactionism
38
when is a situation a better predictor of behaviour
when the situation is strong/has a high level of constraint
39
when is personality a better predictor of behaviour
when the situation is weak/has a low level of constraint
40
what are the 3 major traits of interest to Eysenck
PEN
41
what does PEN stand for
psychoticism extraversion neuroticism
42
what is psychoticism related to
testosterone level
43
what are characteristics of psychoticism
aggression cold egocentric impersonal
44
what is extraversion related to
physiological arousal
45
what are characteristics of extraversion
sociability activity liveliness
46
what is neuroticism related to
fluctuations in autonomic nervous system
47
what are characteristics of neuroticism
anxiety depression tension (tense)
48
what are some criticisms of the psychoticism dimension in Eysenck's theory
label accuracy relevance of sub-traits
49
what is Eysenck's theory?
personality taxonomy should be rooted in biology
50
what are circumplex taxonomies
broad level factors that are independent fom each other we can fall anywhere along either factor
51
what are problems with PEN?
not all inclusive in it's factors not just PEN shows heritability
52
what other taxonomies developed to address issues with PEN?
Wiggin's theory of interpersonal traits five factor model
53
what are the big five?
openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism
54
how was the big 5 made
through factor analysis that identified meaningful groups of traits
55
what things give the big 5 strong empirical support
cross-cultural replication genetic links cross-species replication
56
what are open people more likely to do
remember dreams better more creative enjoy new experiences
57
what are conscientious people more likely to do
successful in work/school more stable romantic relationships
58
what are extraverts more likely to do
love social attention/leadership happier
59
what are agreeable people more likely to do
resolve conflicts generous well-liked
60
what are neurotic people more likely to do
highly emotional mood swings instability in relationships more fatigued
61
what traits are missing from the Big 5
positive/negative evaluation religiosity honesty/humility
62
what model includes the traits of the Big 5 + honesty/humility?
HEXACO
63
what is the replicability crisis in social psychology
the numerous findings that failed replication
64
what caused social psychology to be in crisis?
small samples maximizing apparent difference between conditions in experiments not learn from the mistakes of personality psych
65
what happened when social psych went through the replication crisis?
personality psych research came back stronger
66
what is the plaster hypothesis
personality traits become stable by age 30
67
what is the contextualist perspective
personality emerges from multiple sources ex. person-environment interactions
68
what are two metrics for stability/change in traits
mean-level stability mean level change
69
what is mean-level stability
ppl's average level of a trait at different ages (in a population) stays the same
70
describe Soto's study
lifespan personality cross-sectional study with online participants
71
what was Soto et al's (2011) study about?
mean level change in traits across lifespan
72
what was measured in Soto's study
associations between age and personality gender differences in personality change
73
what were the lifespan trait changes for extraversion
high in childhood decline and plateau later small decline in middle adulthood
74
what were the lifespan trait changes for agreeableness
declines in adolescence rapidly increased again in young adulthood and continues becomes adaptive after 30
75
what were the lifespan trait changes for conscientiousness
sharp decline in adolescence with sharp increase later increases across lifespan
76
what were the lifespan trait changes for neuroticism
decreases throughout lifespan early on gender differences; women start off higher up
77
what were the lifespan trait changes for openness
conflicting; modest increase over time OR overall decrease from 30 onwards
78
what was Robins et al. (2001) study?
personality change in college
79
describe Robins et al's study
assessed and compared personality in first year and fourth year
80
what were the results of Robins et al's study
extraversion stays stable agreeableness increases conscientiousness increases openness increases neuroticism decreases
81
what is the maturity principle
people tend to increase on traits that promote optimal behaviour in adult social roles, and vice versa
82
who's study informed the maturity principle?
Robins et al. (2001)
83
what are the two types of stability
mean level rank order
84
what is mean level change
significant average shifts in personality over time
85
what is rank order stability
relative personality levels stability stays the same, and increases with age
86
what type of stability was proved through a study looking at personality consistency over time
rank-order stability
87
what causes change or stability
person-environment transactions
88
what are person-environment transactions
people select situations based on their personalities which then influences the personality back
89
what was Zimmerman & Neyer's (2013) study about?
studying abroad and personality change
90
what were the results of Zimmerman & Neyer's (2013) study?
extraverts are more likely to study abroad studying abroad increases O + A, decreases N

PSYC 305 (15 decks)

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