Relationships and Personality

Question 1

what are the two theories of attraction?

Answer 1

attraction similarity theory
complementary needs theory

Question 2

what is attraction similarity theory

Answer 2

we use assortative mating

Question 3

what is assortative mating

Answer 3

we’re attracted to people similar to us

Question 4

what is complementary needs theory

Answer 4

we’re attracted to people whose personality complements ours
opposites attract

Question 5

what does data show about the attraction theories

Answer 5

people’s preferred partner had opposite personalities to them
people’s actual partner showed similar personalities
no support for complementary needs theory

Question 6

what factor predicts relationship satisfaction in terms of your partners similarity? which doesn’t?

Answer 6

if partner is similar to your ‘ideal’ personality
if you and partner have similar personality

Question 7

what do females identify as important traits in a partner in order

Answer 7

mutual love
dependable
emotional stability
pleasing disposition
education/intelligence
sociability
good health

Question 8

what do males identify as important traits in a partner in order

Answer 8

mutual love
dependable
emotional stability
pleasing disposition
good health
education
sociability

Question 9

what do females identify as less important traits in a partner in order

Answer 9

similar religious backgrounds
similar political background
chastity

Question 10

what do males identify as less important traits in a partner in order

Answer 10

chastity
similar religious background
similar political background

Question 11

what traits actually predict partner satisfaction overall?

Answer 11

male; agreeableness, emotional stability, openness
female; agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness

Question 12

what traits actually predict partner satisfaction in confiding?

Answer 12

male; agreeableness
female; agreeableness, emotional stability, openness

Question 13

what traits actually predict partner satisfaction sexually?

Answer 13

male; agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability
female; agreeableness

Question 14

what traits actually predict partner satisfaction in enjoyment?

Answer 14

same in both
male; agreeableness, emotional stability
female; agreeableness, emotional stability

Question 15

what can be biasing self-reported personality

Answer 15

reference group effect

Question 16

what is reference group effect

Answer 16

tendency to rate oneself relative to the people their close to socially

Question 17

how can the reference group effect be influencing assortative mating studies

Answer 17

people rate themselves as different from their partner, when in reality the have relatively similar personality

Question 18

what correlation coefficient do partners get in personality similarity in earlier studies?

Answer 18

.10

Question 19

how did new research in assortative mating bypass the reference group effect

Answer 19

measured personality behaviour instead of self report
studied language and likes on facebook to predict their big 5 traits

Question 20

what were the results of the facebook study of assortative mating?

Answer 20

likes correlation; .24
language correlation; 0.38

Question 21

what traits predict future relationship quality/conflict?

Answer 21

PEM
NEM
CON

Question 22

what is PEM

Answer 22

positive emotionality

Question 23

what is positive emotionality

Answer 23

confidence, enthusiasm, social warmth, well-being, zest

Question 24

what is NEM

Answer 24

negative emotionality

Question 25

what is negative emotionality

Answer 25

threshold for negative emotions like anxiety, anger, fear

Question 26

what is CON

Answer 26

constraint

Question 27

what is constraint

Answer 27

self control, harm avoidance, endorsement of social norms

Question 28

how did PEM correlate with relationship quality later in life

Answer 28

positive low correlation

Question 29

how did NEM correlate with relationship quality later in life

Answer 29

negatively moderately correlated

Question 30

how did CON correlate with relationship quality later in life

Answer 30

positive low correlation

Question 31

how did PEM correlate with relationship conflict later in life

Answer 31

0

Question 32

how did NEM correlate with relationship conflict later in life

Answer 32

positvely moderate correlation

Question 33

how did CON correlate with relationship conflict later in life

Answer 33

negative low correlation

Question 34

what was the difference in results between older and newer assortative mating studies?

Answer 34

couples personalities were more correlated in the newer studies than older studies

Question 35

what were the research questions in the emotions and sexual attractiveness study

Answer 35

are there gender differences in which emotion expressions people perceive as the most attractive? which emotion expression is perceived as the most sexually attractive?

Question 36

which emotions were tested in the emotions and sexual attractiveness study

Answer 36

pride shame neutral happy

Question 37

how sexually attractive is happiness considered?

Answer 37

most attractive in females least attractive in males

Question 38

how sexually attractive is pride considered

Answer 38

least attractive in females most attractive in males

Question 39

how sexually attractive is shame considered?

Answer 39

attractive in both sexes

Question 40

what did a follow up study to the emotions and sexual attractiveness study show?

Answer 40

shame is not perceived as attractive in india

Question 41

who conducted the emotions and sexual attractiveness study

Answer 41

Tracy and Beall

Question 42

who conducted the expression of emotions in relationships study?

Answer 42

Gottman and Levenson

Question 43

what was the expression of emotions in relationships study

Answer 43

videotaped newlyweds engaging in conflict followed up 5 years later to see if divorced

Question 44

what kind of data was collected in Gottman and Levenson study?

Answer 44

all four types

Question 45

what was the observational data in Gottman and Levenson study?

Answer 45

coding for emotional responses in an argument with video tape

Question 46

what was the test data in Gottman and Levenson study?

Answer 46

physiological measures

Question 47

what was the informant data in Gottman and Levenson study?

Answer 47

couple member rated partner's relationship satisfaction

Question 48

what was the self-report data in Gottman and Levenson study?

Answer 48

couple member rated their own realtionship satisfaction

Question 49

what were the results of the Gottman and Levenson study?

Answer 49

could predict divorce 5 years later with 83% accuracy

Question 50

what are the four main factors that predict divorce? what study were they found in?

Answer 50

criticism vs complaint contempt defensiveness stonewallling Gottman and Levenson

Question 51

what is criticism vs complaint?

Answer 51

criticism; global statement of anger/negativity, blaming complaint; specific statement of anger/negativity

Question 52

which factor predicts divorce; criticism or complaint?

Answer 52

criticism

Question 53

how does negative affect affect divorce

Answer 53

escalation is bad de-escalation (like through humour) is good

Question 54

what does contempt mean

Answer 54

insult, mockery, sarcasm or derision of the other person

Question 55

what is defensiveness

Answer 55

attempt to protect one's self from perceived attack

Question 56

what are some actions that show defensiveness?

Answer 56

denial of responsibility counterblame whining assuming what the other person is feeling

Question 57

what is stonewalling

Answer 57

listener presents a 'stone wall' to their partner silent treatment

Question 58

what are some qualities of stonewalling

Answer 58

no vocalizations (mmm, yeah) neck is rigid no eye contact little facial movements, and only negative

Question 59

what sex tends to stonewall more? what percentage of stonewallers are this sex?

Answer 59

male 85%

Question 60

what are the overall findings from Gottman and Levenson?

Answer 60

four factors that predict divorce satisfaction is not predicted by how often a couple fights, but how negative feelings are expressed during the fight 5:1 ratio of -ve to +ve interactions indicated a good marriage -ve emotions are associated with high physiological arousal in men but not in women

Question 61

what are the implications of men having higher physiological arousal with -ve emotions?

Answer 61

may avoid -ve affect in relationships because it's more punishing experience lower levels of negative affect than women