General Flashcards by Henriette Wisnes

Veterinarians can cause iatrogenic infections

True

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Arthropod borne infections are direct infections

False

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Arthopod borne infections are indirect infections

True

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Arthropods can be involved in indirect infections

True

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Venereal infections is a direct infection

True

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In the case of iatrogenic infections the infective agents are transmitted by the veterinarian

True

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Drinking water cannot transmit infective agents since it is hypoosmotic

False

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In case of direct infection tissues of the infected animal are contacted with tissues of the host

True

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In the case of aerogenic infection the agents are transmitted with air

True

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Aerogenic infection is a form of direct infection

False

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In the case of aerogenic infection the agent is transmitted by the air

True

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Infective agents cannot survive in the soil, so soil cannot be a source of infection

False

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In the case of iatrogenic infection the agent is transmitted by humans

True

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Direct infection happens when infected animals pass the infection with water

False

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If the arthropod is a true vector, if it brings the pathogen into a susceptible animal

False

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The arthropod is a true vector, if the pathogen also replicates in the susceptible animal

True

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The arthropod is a true vector, if it propagates the pathogen

True

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The arthropod is a true vector, if it can take the pathogen to a further distance

False

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Infection cannot happen through water since bacteria and viruses are inactivated in water

False

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Meat is never involved in transmission of infections since fermentation of meat kills agents

False

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Some infective agents are transmitted with eggs

True

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Germinative infection is more frequent in birds than in mammals

True

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Germinative infection is very frequent in mammals

False

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Germinative infection is seen in mammals

True

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Mammals can infect their offspring through milk

True

New-born animals cannot be infected from the milk thanks to the colostral antibodies

False

Intrauterine infection happens if the foetus is infected during pregnancy from the dam

True

Vertical infection does not occur in mammals

False

Horizontally infections happen only in birds

False

Germinative infection is frequent in mammals, it will result in malformation of the foetuses

False

Galactogen infection cannot happen when the animals receive colostrum, since the antibodies in the colostrum prevent it

False

In the case of horizontal infection animals in the same group infect each other

True

Intra uterine infection can occur in pregnant animals

True

Germinative infection can happen in birds

True

Galactogen infection is a form of horizontal infections

False

If the dam infects newborn animals, we speak about horizontal infection

False

Germinative infection can occur mainly in mammals

False

In the case of galactogen infection the agent is transmitted by milk

True

In the case of horizontal infection the agent is spreading between animals of about the same age

True

Horizontal infection does not occur in mammals

False

Vertical infection does not occur in mammals

False

Germinative infection does not occur in mammals

False

Galactogen infection does not occur in mammals

False

In germinative infection, the placenta is infected by the mother during pregnancy

False

Germinative infection is a rare form of horizontal infection

False

In germinative infection, the newborn is infected through the milk

False

Zoonotic agents can cause disease in animals and humans

True

In the case of cyclozoonoses arthropods are responsible for maintaining the infections

False

If agents are passed from animals to humans, we speak about zoonosis

True

If humans infect animals we speak about metazoonoses

False

Cyclozoonoses require an arthropod for transmission

True

In the case of zoonotic diseases animals and humans can infect each other

True

In the case of saprozoonoses animals and humans are infected from the same source

True

In case of secondary infection, a bacterium infects an individual, which is already infected with a pathogen

True

In case of secondary infection, a new pathogen infects an already cured animal

False

In case of secondary infection, two pathogens infect the host simultaneously

False

In case of secondary infection, one of the agents is always a virus

False

Facultative pathogenic agents are helped by predisposing factors

True

Stenoxen agents have a wide host range

False

Euryxen agents have a wide host range

True

An euryxen agent can infect several host species

True

There is no minimum number of agents necessary to infection, because they can replicate in the host

False

Mutations generally result decrease of the virulence

True

Immunogenicity of the different agents is different

True

There is a minimum number of each agent that is necessary to infect animals

True

A minimum amount of bacteria or viruses is needed to a successful infection

True

Virulence of an agent can be characterized with its LD50 value

True

Pathogenicity means the ability of the agent to cause disease

True

Virulence means the level of pathogenicity

True

The amount of the agent does not influence the outcome of the infection, since it can replicate in the host

False

In the case of optimal way of infection the least amount of agent can cause disease

True

The virulence of the agents is connected to virulence factors

True

Virulence is a stable characteristic of an agent

False

The way of the infection (entrance of the agents) can influence its outcome

True

Virulence of a bacterium or virus can be changed spontaneously

True

In case of a secondary infection the agent complicates a primary infection

True

Virulence of a bacterium or virus can be changed

True

The virulence factors help the agents in causing disease

True

Virulence variants can occur within a bacterium or virus species

True

Pathogenic variants can occur within a bacterium or virus species

True

Species specific resistance can be overcome by increasing the number of agents

False

Within a pathogenic species no avirulent strains can occur

False

Foetuses can have active immune response

True

Newborn animals have local immune response

True

Foetuses do not have immune reactions

False

Fetuses have no active immune response

False

The skin, mucous membranes and mucous are parts of the non specific resistance system of the host

True

The normal microflora of the gut is essential for animals; they cannot live without it

False

Foetuses have no immune response; they appear only in 2-4 week old animals

False

The age of the animals does not influence their susceptibility to a certain agent

False

Susceptibility to a disease can be influenced by age

True

Certain medicines and agents can decrease the protection of the hosts

True

Species specific resistance means that certain agents cannot infect certain hosts

True

Species related resistance means that certain agents cannot cause infection in resistant host species

True

Animals cannot be infected with certain agents if they have species specific resistance

True

Certain animal species are resistant against certain agents

True

Chicken embryos are able to produce an immune response

True

Cellular immune response is very important in the case of viral diseases

True

Gastric juice can protect the host from infections

True

From 2nd trimester of pregnancy, the foetus produces an immune response against any antigen

False

There is no immune response in the foetus, only from 4 weeks after birth

False

Unfavourable environmental effects can predispose animals to diseases caused by facultative pathogenic agents

True

Nutrition of the animals can influence the appearance of infectious diseases

True

Environmental effects can influence the survival of the agents in the environment

True

Mycotoxins can suppress the activity of the immune system

True

Certain mycotoxins have immune suppressive effect

True

Overcrowding can help the spreading of several infectious diseases

True

Deserts can inhibit the spreading of several infectious diseases

True

Viruses causing generalised diseases generally replicate at the place of entry and in the regional lymph nodes

True

The lesions are at the place of entry of the agent in the case of local infections

True

In the case of a local infection the site of entry and the lesions are at the same place

True

Lesions can be seen in different organs in the case of generalised diseases

True

Intra uterine infection can result immune tolerance in the case of some diseases

True

Intra uterine infection can result embryonic death in the case of some diseases

True

Intra uterine infection does not occur since the placenta protects the foetus

False

Fetuses cannot be infested since the placenta completely isolates them

False

The incubation time is the time between the appearance of the clinical signs and death of the animal

False

The incubation time is the time between infection and the appearance of clinical signs

True

The incubation time lasts from the infection till the manifestation of the clinical signs

True

Some infective agents have immunosuppressive effect

True

Some infective agents can cause malformation of fetuses

True

Subacute diseases last one or 2 days

False

Intra uterine infections does not occur in mammals since the agents cannot penetrate the placenta

False

In the case of local infections the lesions can be seen at the site of entry

True

In the case of generalised infections the agent is generally spreading with blood

True

In the case of generalised infections the placenta prevents the infection of the foetus

False

Some agents can spread along the nerves

True

The agent does not replicate in dead end hosts

False

Dead end hosts do not show clinical signs, they die without signs

False

In the case of latent infection the agents are continuously shed

False

Latent infection happens when the genome of the agent is integrated in the genome of the host

True

In the case of latent infections, the agents are continually shed

False

In latent infection, there is no virus shedding

True

Abortion is the main clinical sign of abortive infections

False

The animals do not carry the agent after recovery from an infectious disease because the immune system eliminates it

False

Tolerated infections result in high level of immune reaction

False

Infection before self-recognition of the immune system can result tolerated infections

True

Infected animals have a high level of antibodies in the case of tolerated infections

False

The agent is not shed in the case of inapparent infections

False

Dead end hosts do not shed the agent

True

Asymptomatic infections can become manifest

True

Formation of immune complexes can be a consequence of persistent viral infection

True

When the clinical signs disappear, shedding the agent is finished

False

In the case of an abortive infection no clinical signs will be seen

True

In the case of latent infection only mild clinical signs will be seen

False

Animals with tolerated infection shed the agent

True

Only animals showing clinical signs can shed infective agents

False

In case of inapparent infections no clinical signs can be seen

True

Latent infection is common in the case of Gram-positive bacteria

False

In the case of inapperent infections seropositivity can be seen

True

Inapparent infections cannot be detected in laboratory examinations

False

In case of abortive infection, the animal always aborts

False

In case of subclinical infection, the animals can shed the agent

True

Tolerated infection can be demonstrated only by serology

False

Abortive infection can be demonstrated only by serology

True

During a tolerated infection the animals are seropositive

False

In the case of latent infection no clinical signs can be seen

False

Asymptomatic infections cannot be manifest

False

Animals do not carry the agents after recovery from an infectious disease

False

Mortality shows the percentage of dead animals compared to the size of the herd

True

Mortality show what proportion of the diseased animals die

False

Morbidity shows the percentage of dead animals compared to the size of the herd

False

Lethality shows the percentage of dead animals compared to the number of diseased ones

True

Lethality shows the number of died animals compared to the total number of the herd

False

Prevalence shows the number of diseased animals compared to the total number of the herd

False

Mortality shows the proportion of dead animals compared to the number of diseases ones

False

Monitoring is routine collection of data on a disease

True

Pandemic diseases are fast spreading ones; they are fast transmitted between continents

True

Pandemic diseases are spreading fast around the Earth

True

Pandemic disease occurs in large areas, continents

True

Endemic diseases occur in a small, limited area including a farm, some farms or a village

True

Epidemic diseases are fast spreading; they are fast transmitted between continents

False

Pandemic diseases have no tendency to spread

False

Epidemic diseases are spreading in a larger geographical area e.g. in several countries

True

Contagious diseases are spreading from one animal to the other

True

Lethality shows the ratio of dead animals and the total stock

False

Hemagglutination inhibition test is used for the detection of antigens of certain agents

False

Genome of agents is detected with PCR

True

Antigens of certain agents can be detected using PCR

False

Surface antigens of certain agents are detected with ELIZA or PCR

False

Infective agents can be detected 2-3days after infection using serological tests

False

Virus Neutralisation test is used for the detection of antigens of the virus

False

Serological tests are used for the detection of antibodies

True

MATSA is used in laboratory diagnosis

True

MATSA is a form of disease

False

Microscopic detection of agents is not used in diagnostic work anymore

False

If an animal is infected laboratory tests always detect the agent

False

The phase of the pathogenicity can influence the sensitivity of the laboratory tests

True

Using serological tests, we detect the antibodies produced against the agent

True

Using virus neutralization test we detect the antibodies produced against the agent

True

Polymerase chain reaction is used for the detection of antigens of the agent

False

Post mortem lesions help in setting up a preliminary diagnosis

True

Epidemiological data help in setting up a preliminary diagnosis

True

Microscopic examination of samples is not used in the diagnosis of infectious diseases any more

False

Antibacterial treatment is forbidden in the EU in the case of viral diseases

False

Individual and mass treatment can be combined in the case of some infectious diseases

True

Hyperimmune serum can be used for aetiological treatment of certain diseases

True

No aetiological treatment is available in the case of viral diseases

False

Mass treatment using antibiotics is not allowed in the EU

False

Antibiotics can be used for the aetiological treatment in case of bacterial disease

True

Antibiotics can be used for the aetiologic treatment in the case of bacterial diseases

True

All bacterial agents can be eradicated with antibiotic treatment

False

Antibacterial treatment is used in the case of viral diseases in order to prevent bacterial complications

True

Antibiotics are used for the treatment of some viral diseases to prevent secondary infections

True

Antibiotics are generally used to the aetiological treatment of diseases caused by bacteria

True

Use of antibiotics in the case of diseases caused by viruses is not allowed because of antibiotic resistance

False

Treatment of certain infectious diseases is prohibited

True

Symptomatic treatment is recommended because it can support healing of the diseased animals

True

In case of viral diseases, no antibiotics are given

False

Antibiotics may be used only until the disappearance of the clinical signs

False

Only diseased animals have to be treated with antibiotics to prevent resistance

False

There is no anti-viral therapy

False

Aetiological treatment with anti-bacterial is done, in the case of bacterial diseases

True

Using hyperimmune sera is usually not justifiable

True

In case of import of animals into a farm, animals in the quarantine must be tested for infections

True

In case of import of animals into a farm, animals in the quarantine must only be observed, there is nothing to do with them if they do not show clinical signs

False

Only eggs from the same flock are allowed to be hatches in one hatching machine

True

Eggs of different species can be hatched together; they cannot infect each other thanks to the different hatching time

False

All-in-all-out is an important principle in prevention of infectious diseases

True

Isolation of age groups is an important way of prevention of infectious diseases

True

”All-in-all-out” principle is a general epidemiological rule

True

Isolated keeping of different animal species can prevent the spreading of infectious diseases

True

Isolated keeping of different age groups of the same species cannot prevent spreading of infectious diseases since all animals of the same species are susceptible to the same agents

False

Day-old birds cannot be infected in the hatchery because they are protected by yolk immunity

False

The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum is continuously decreasing after farrowing

True

Maternal antibodies can inhibit the active immune response

True

There is no maternal protection in birds

False

Maternal protection occurs only in mammals

False

Colostrum is the main way of maternal protection in the case of animals with epitheliochorial placenta

True

The half-life of the heterologous hyperimmune serum is about 7-10 days

True

The half-life of the heterologous hyperimmune serum is about 2-3 weeks

False

Animals having epitheliochorial placenta receive maternal antibodies only through the placenta

False

Animals having epitheliochorial placenta receive maternal antibodies only through the colostrum

True

Enteral lymphocytes of the dam can be transferred to the offspring in colostrum

True

The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum is influenced by the nutrition of the dam

True

The protein and antibody content of the colostrum is stable in the first week after calving

False

Absorption of maternal antibodies from the colostrum in the first three days is not changing

False

Colostrum is not important in protection of calves since the antibodies can go through the placenta

False

Colostrum is the only way of receiving maternal protection in calves

True

The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum is not changed in the first week after birth

False

Calves can absorb maternal antibodies for a week after birth

False

Maternal antibodies can inhibit certain immunization

True

New-born animals cannot be infected from the milk thanks to the colostral antibodies

False

The colostrum contains maternal lymphocytes

True

The protein content of the colostrum remains high for the first two weeks after giving birth

False

The immune globulin content of the colostrum remains high for the first week after giving birth

False

The enteral absorption of immune globulins is decreasing after birth

True

Maternal antibodies can decrease the efficacy of vaccination

True

The immune globulin concentration of the colostrum decreases sharply after birth

True

The enteral absorption of immunoglobulins is about the same for a week after birth

False

The maternal antibodies can decrease the immune response against vaccines

True

Enteral lymphocytes can get from the dam to the newborn animal with colostrum

True

Animals with epitheliochorial placenta have maternal immunity only from colostrum

True

The endotheliochorial placenta prevents to transport of immunoglobulins to the foetus

False

Homologous hyperimmune serum can provide about a year-long protection

False

Strains used in marker vaccines can be differentiated from the field strains

True

Avirulent strains can be used in live vaccines

True

The health state of the vaccinated animals can influence the efficacy of the vaccination

True

Adjuvants in vaccines increase the shelf life of vaccines

False

Inactivated vaccines contain inactivated bacterial toxins

True

The method of vaccination has no effect on the efficacy of the vaccination

False

Adjuvants in vaccines increase the efficacy of vaccines

True

Attenuated strains can be used in live vaccines

True

Deletion vaccines can only be used as live vaccines

False

In the case of marker vaccines, the field strains and the vaccine strains can be differentiated

True

Inactivated vaccines can contain the whole agents or their components

True

The colostral immunoglobulins have no effect on the vaccination of the new born animals

False

DIVA principle can only be used if the animals are vaccinated with deletion vaccines

False

According to DIVA principle, infected and vaccinated animals can be differentiated

True

Subunit vaccines contain only antigens of the agents

True

Certain parts of the genome are missing from deletion vaccine strains

True

Some genes are missing from the strains included in deletion vaccines

True

For safety reasons only inactivated vaccines are used

False

Live vaccines can contain strains with lower virulence

True

Live vaccines always contain avirulent agents

False

Live vaccines can contain attenuated strains

True

Live vaccines are less effective than the inactivated ones

False

Live vaccines are dangerous, they are not on the market any more

False

Live vaccines are not used in Europe any more

False

Live vaccines do not provide good immunity

False

Marker vaccines are used to mark the site of vaccination

False

It is not allowed to use inactivated deletion vaccines in the EU

False

Live vaccines contain attenuated or avirulent agents

True

The agent in a vaccine can influence the level of the immune response of vaccinated animals

True

If deletion vaccines are used, vaccinated and infected animals can be differentiated

True

Using marker vaccines, vaccinated and infected animals can be differentiated

True

Use of marker vaccines can be combined with "test and remove" eradication

True

Marker vaccines are marked with dyes

False

The immune response produced by an attenuated vaccine is low

False

Some attenuated vaccine strains can be immunosuppressive

True

Attenuated vaccines induced a quick immune response

True

Vaccines containing attenuated strains are not used anymore

False

The amount of antigen in the vaccine has no effect on the efficacy of the vaccine

False

Eradication with selection method is not done nowadays

False

Newborn animals must be kept isolated when eradication with generation shift is used

True

Eradication with generation shift cannot be used if the level of infection is high in the herd

False

Eradication using generation shift method is mainly used in Poultry

False

Implantation of washed embryos from a non infected dam into infected one is a way of eradication

False

Implantation of washed embryos from a infected dam into non-infected one is a way of eradication

True

Eradication using the generation shift method is mainly used in pig herds

False

In the case of generation shift the infected animals must be slaughtered at the beginning of the eradication procedure

False

Eradication using selection method can be combined with vaccination

True

In the case of generation shift the young animals must be isolated from the dam at the age of 1-3 days

True

Eradication using the selection method is generally implemented in case of low level of infection

True

When eradication is made with selection method, the infected animals are removed from the herd

True

Selection, generation shift and herd replacement can be used for eradication

True

Eradication using generation shift can be used in cattle herds

True

Caesarean section is the only way of birth when eradication is carried out using the SPF method

False

Certain diseases can be eradicated with generation shift

True

Herd replacement is the cheapest way of eradication of a disease

False

Selection (test and slaughter) is a method of eradiation of a disease

True

Selection method can be used for eradication of infectious diseases, when we remove infected animals

True

In the case of generation shift, newborn animals are separated from the dam and kept isolated

True

Embryo transfer cannot be used for eradication, since the embryo can be infected

False

The selection method cannot be combined vaccination

False

Test and slaughter as an eradication method can be used in case of low level of infection

True

There is no agent which can be eradicated by antibiotic treatment

True

In the case of generation shift newborn animals have to be kept isolated from the parent animals

True

In the case of herd replacement, the herd is replaced with infection-free animals

True

In the case of selection method of eradication the infected animals are taken out of the herd

True

If eradication is made by selection method, vaccination is forbidden

False

Early weaning is necessary if generation shift method of eradication is used

True

Generation shift is a frequently used eradication method in swine

False

Generation shift is a method of eradication of a disease

True

In eradication by selective breeding, the seropositive animals are eliminated

True

In eradication by selective breeding, only the animals shedding the bacteria are eliminated

False

In eradication by selective breeding, vaccination cannot be used

False

Eradication by selective breeding is not used anymore

False

Selection (test and remove) is not used to eradicate a disease anymore

False

General Flashcards

(329 cards)