General and Special Senses Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
What are the purpose of our senses?
A
Maintain our well being
2
Q
In what 2 ways do our sense protect our wellbeing?
A
Through protection and survival
3
Q
What are the general senses?
A
Visceral sensation, tactile sense, temperature, pain, and proprioception
4
Q
What are the special senses of the body?
A
Taste, smell, sight, hearing, and balance
5
Q
True or False. Visceral sensation is poorly localized
A
True
6
Q
What are ways that we can feel visceral sensation?
A
It’s poorly localized, but through hunger, thirst, and stretch receptors (organ pain or filling)
7
Q
What is Meissner’s corpuscle?
A
They are a type of nerve endings in the skin that are responsible for sensitivity to light touch.
8
Q
What are the 2 nerve endings that aid in perception of tactile/ pressure sense?
A
The Meissner’s and the Pacinian corpuscle
9
Q
What is a pacinian corpuscle?
A
They are nerve endings in the skin, responsible for sensitivity to deep pressure touch, high frequency vibration, and hair movement
10
Q
What type of receptors help with perception of temperature on the skin?
A
Superficial sensation receptors
11
Q
What type of receptor helps with perception of core body temperature?
A
Central temperature receptors which signals the hypothalamus to thermoregulate
12
Q
What is Dr. Olsen’s example for progressive recruitment?
A
Knowing the difference between touching a warm puppy vs. a hot stove
13
Q
What is nociception?
A
Perception of pain
14
Q
What are the 3 types of pain?
A
Superficial, deep and visceral
15
Q
What is proprioception?
A
The spatial relationship between the location and position of the limbs, as well as motion recognition
16
Q
How can pain perception be important?
A
It influences our behavioral adaptations to survive
17
Q
Where are the stretch sensors for proprioception located?
A
Muscles, tendons, ligaments, etc.
18
Q
What sensors pick up the gustatory sensation?
A
Taste buds (chemoreceptor cells/ hair cells)
19
Q
How do we perceive the sensation of taste?
A
When chemoreceptors/ hair cells come into contact with soluble chemicals
20
Q
What are the 3 levels of olfaction sensation?
A
Macrosmatic, microsmatic and anosmatic
21
Q
What does it mean to have a macrosmatic type of olfaction?
A
High developed and can pick up in a larger area. Olfactory organ is very large
22
Q
What does it mean to have a microsmatic type of olfaction?
A
Having a smaller olfactory organ
23
Q
What is anosmatic olfaction?
A
Not being able to smell anything
24
Q
How is the gustatory sensation and the olfactory sensation associated?
A
They both pick up the same chemicals in their own ways
25
What sensors are associated with the olfactory sensation?
Chemoreceptors (hair cells) found in olfactory epithelium that stimulate the olfactory nerve when it comes into contact with soluble chemicals
26
What is refractive index?
A measure of the light-bending ability of a substance (cornea)
27
Is the speed of light faster when going through a substance or through air?
When going through air
28
What is refraction?
The bending of light. Usually when light bends, it will be perpendicular to the surface.
29
What happens to light through a convex lens (type of lens in your eye)?
The light converges at the other end
30
What happens when light travels through a concave lens?
The light will diverge and get further apart
31
What is the orientation of the image produced when light travels through the lens into the retina?
Inverted and reversed
32
When the retina produces an image, how does the image interpret it?
It will actually perceive it in an upright perception even though the image produced by the retina is inverted and reversed, the brain will correct it
33
What are the different exterior parts of the eye?
Eyelids, cornea, diaphragm, iris, lens, retina and optic nerve
34
What part of the eye corresponds to the lens cover of a camera?
Eyelids
35
What part of the eye corresponds to the window of a camera?
Cornea
36
What part of the eye corresponds to diaphragm of a camera?
Iris
37
What part of the eye corresponds to the lens of a camera?
Lens
38
What part of the eye corresponds to light detectors of a camera?
Retina
39
What part of the eye corresponds to the transmission cable of a camera?
Optic nerve
40
What is the sclera of the eye?
The white portion of the eye that is covered by a thin tissue called conjunctiva
41
What is the fibrous outer layer of the eye composed of?
Sclera, Cornea and limbus
42
What is the cornea?
The clear outer layer at the front of the eye
43
What is the limbus of the eye?
Where the cornea and the Sclera meet
44
What are the 3 parts of the uvea?
Iris, ciliary body, choroid
45
What does the choroid portion of the uvea contain?
Vascular supply as well as in some species a structure called the tapetum
46
What is the tapetum?
A reflective layer of the choroid in the eyes of many animals, causing them to shine in the dark.
47
What is the iris of the eye?
One of the 3 parts of the uvea portion of the eye. It is the colored portion of the eye that dilates or constricts the pupil in response to light.
48
What is the ciliary body?
Contains ciliary muscle, suspensory ligaments, and partakes in fluid production
49
What kind of muscle is the ciliary muscle?
Smooth muscle
50
What is the retina?
It is what receives the light impulses and converts them into nerve impulses
51
What are the components of the retina?
There are photoreceptors (rod or cones) that have bipolar neurons adjacent to them that then gives the signal off to the last component of the retina, the ganglion cells
52
What are the 2 types of photoreceptors?
Rods and cones
53
What do the rod photoreceptors pick up?
They have the ability to perceive light or dark
54
What can cone photoreceptors perceive?
They are responsible for the sense of color, which can vary from species to species
55
What are bipolar neurons?
They are located in the retina and transmit the impulse from the rods or cones to the ganglion cells
56
What are ganglion cells?
Their axons take signals from the bipolar neurons into the brain via the optic nerve.
57
What is the shape of the lens when in a relaxed state?
Elliptical
58
What is the shape of the lens when in a contracted state?
Round
59
What are the 3 compartments of the eye?
Anterior chamber, posterior chamber, and the vitreous chamber
60
What kind of fluid does the vitreous chamber contain?
Vitreous humor
61
What kind of fluid do the anterior and posterior chamber contain?
Aqueous humor
62
Are tears and aqueous humor the same thing?
NO
63
What produces aqueous humor?
Ciliary body
64
What does aqueous humor contain?
Nutrients
65
Where does the aqueous humor drain?
Into the bloodstream
66
What are the extrinsic muscles of the eye responsible for?
Movement of the eye
67
What are the 3 types of extrinsic muscles of the eye?
Rectus, oblique and retractor muscles
68
What are the 4 types of rectus muscles?
Lateral, medial, dorsal and ventral
69
What does the lateral rectus muscle allow the eye to do?
Look laterally
70
What does the medial rectus muscles allow the eye to do?
Look medially
71
What does the dorsal rectus muscles allow the eye to do?
Look up
72
What does the ventral rectus muscles allow the eye to do?
Look down
73
What are the 2 types of oblique eye muscles?
Dorsal and ventral
74
What does the dorsal oblique muscle of the eye allow it to do?
Rotate inwards
75
What does the ventral oblique muscle of the eye allow it to do?
Rotate outward
76
What is the retractor bulbi muscle of the eye?
A skeletal muscle that allows causes the third eyelid to show.
77
What is the nictitating membrane?
Third eyelid that starts on the medial ventral surface of the eye and moves dorsal laterally
78
What may the Nictitans gland be responsible for?
Tear production
79
What gland is visible in a cherry eye?
Nictitans gland
80
What is the lacrimal apparatus?
Produces, distributes, and removes tears
81
What in the eye partakes in tear production?
Both lacrimal and nictitans gland
82
How are tears drained from the eye?
As the tears move through the eye, they are picked up by the lacrimal puncta and canaliculi to the lacrimal sac where tears accumulate and then drain out into the nasolacrimal duct
83
What is overflow of tears called?
Epiphora
84
How does the auditory sense work?
Through mechanical motion of sound waves that are funneled into the ear via the pinna
85
What parts of the ear are stimulated by physical vibrations?
Tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles and the oval window
86
What fluids of the ear are associated with fluid waves within?
Perilymph and Endolymph fluids
87
True or False. Auditory sense is accomplished through the motion of hair cells found in the ear which send nerve impulses to the brain
True
88
What is the external anatomy of the ear called?
The pinna
89
What purpose does the pinna serve?
It helps with guiding the sound waves into the ear as well as a communication tool
90
What gland in the ear secretes waxy exudate?
The Ceruminous glands
91
What is the purpose of the tympanic membrane?
To serve as a boundary for the cavity and it also converts sound waves
92
What structure in the ear helps with equalizing pressure?
Auditory tube or eustachian tube
93
What type of tissue is the tympanic cavity lined with?
Ciliated columnar epithelium
94
What 3 bones make up the auditory ossicles?
Malleus (hammer), Incus (anvil) and the Stapes (stirrup)
95
What is the malleus attached to?
Attached to the tympanum
96
What is the stapes attached to?
Oval window
97
How much stronger are the vibrations that are transferred from the tympanic membrane to the oval window?
The pressure inside the oval window is 22x more stronger than that of the force on the tympanic membrane
98
What is the name of the process in which we match the sound wave to fluid wave and account for the different inertia between the two?
Impedance matching
99
What would happen if we did not contain an ear drum or ossicles?
It would decrease our hearing sensitivity by about 15-20 decibels
100
What is sound attenuation?
It is the capacity of our ears to try and mute out any loud noises in order to decrease the amount of vibrations it has to come across to reduce damage to the cochlea. With the aid of the stapedius muscle, we can decrease ossicle conduction and decrease about 30-40 decibels of sound that we are come into contact
101
What are the 4 structures of the inner ear?
Oval window, Round window, bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth
102
What does the bony labyrinth contain?
Cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibule
103
What part of the inner ear is filled with perilymph?
Bony labyrinth
104
What does the membranous labyrinth contain?
Cochlear duct, semicircular canals, vestibule
105
What part of the inner ear contains endolymph fluid?
The membranous labyrinth
106
What are the 3 parts of the cochlea?
Scala vestibuli, scala tympani, scala media
107
What structure in the ear produces the final product of the auditory sense?
Cochlea
108
What kind of fluid does the different portions of the cochlea contain?
Endolymph fluid is in the scala media and both the scala vestibuli and scala tympani contain perilymph fluid
109
What is the organ of corti?
In the scala media of the ear, the actual hearing apparatus that contains sensory cells (hair cells) that send the impulse to the brain
110
What are the 2 parts to the vestibular sense?
Static and dynamic balance
111
What is static balance?
The process of maintaining balance in the same position through gravity
112
What is dynamic balance?
Dynamic balance is the ability to move and change directions under various conditions without falling
113
What are the 2 parts of the vestibule inside the ear?
Utricle and the saccule
114
What are the semicircular canals?
Dynamic receptors that respond to angular motion using 3 planes that each are adjacent to one another at 90 degree angles
115
How many planes aid in static balance?
2 planes
116
How many planes aid in dynamic balance?
3 planes
117
How do the semicircular canals aid in dynamic balance?
There is fluid movement which displaces a structure called the capula. The capula contains hair cells, which based on the orientation of the cupula, send nerve impulses to the brain
