Flashcards in general and special senses Deck (48)
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1
Conscious awareness of incoming sensory information is
sensation
2
Stimulus that reaches the cerebral cortex of the brain results in
sensation of that stimulus
3
Stimuli are detected by
receptors.
4
(temperature, pain, touch, stretch, and pressure)
receptors are distributed throughout the skin and organs.
general senses
5
(gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, and hearing)
receptors are housed within complex organs in the head
special senses
6
Range in complexity from single-celled dendritic ending of a neuron to complex sense organs.
Monitor both external and internal conditions and conducts information about those stimuli to the CNS.
receptors
7
precise localization and sensitivity are easily determined.
small receptive field
8
only detects the general region of the stimulus.
broad receptive field
9
involved in maintaining our balance to keep our head upright.
remain constant
Tonic receptors
10
signal the increased pressure on our skin
(tune out after a while, acclimation)
phasic receptors
11
which is a reduction in sensitivity to a continually applied stimulus.
acclimation
12
receptors in skin or mucous membranes, open to outside of body
Special senses
exteroceptors
13
receptors located within walls of viscera
Interoceptors
14
receptors in skeletal muscle, tendons, joint capsules
Proprioceptors
15
Detect chemicals; specific molecules dissolved in fluid (odor/taste)
Chemoreceptors
16
Detect changes in temperature
Thermoreceptors
17
Detect changes in light intensity, color, movement in light rays
Photoreceptors
18
Detect physical deformation, (touch, pressure, vibration, stretch)
Mechanoreceptors
19
Detect changes within body structure
Baroreceptors
20
Detect tissue damage, pain receptors
Nociceptors
21
gustatory receptors are housed in specialized taste buds on the surface of tongue.
Taste buds lie along sides of epithelial projection (papillae), each bud contains 40 gustatory cells
Works with olfaction
sense of taste
gustation
22
on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
don’t house taste buds, no sensory role
Filiform:
23
primarily on the tip and sides
contain only a few taste buds each
Fungiform
24
(circumvallate): arranged in an inverted V on the posterior dorsal surface
least numerous yet largest, high # of taste buds
each is surrounded by a deep, narrow depression
Vallate
25
extend as ridges on posteriolateral sides
house only a few taste buds during childhood, not well developed on the human tongue.
Foliate
26
The tongue detects five basic taste sensations:
salty: metal ions (sodium, potassium)
sweet: organic compounds (sugar)
sour: hydrogen ions from acids (lemon)
bitter: alkaloids (brussel sprouts, poisons)
umami: detects amino acids., pleasant taste, chicken-soup
Water: pharynx
Gustatory Discrimination
27
detect odors, bipolar neurons synapse with olfactory bulbs
Receptor cells
28
sandwich the olfactory nerves and sustain and maintain the receptors
Supporting cells
29
function as stem cells to replace olfactory epithelium components
Basal cells
30
(photoreceptors) in the eyes to detect light, color, and movement.
Visual receptors
31
provide a superficial covering over its anterior exposed surface
Conjunctiva
32
prevent foreign objects from coming into contact with eye
Eyebrows, eyelashes, & eyelids
33
keep the exposed surface moist, clean, and lubricated
Lacrimal glands
34
Lacks photoreceptors
Blind spot because no image forms there.
optic disc
35
lateral to the optic disc is a rounded, yellowish region of the retina, containing a pit called the fovea centralis (the area of sharpest vision). (contains the highest proportion of cones and almost no rods
Macula lutea
36
space anterior to the lens and posterior to the cornea (aqueous humor)
between the iris and cornea
anterior cavity
37
area behind the lens (vitreous humor)
is between the lens and the iris
posterior cavity
38
maintain shape of eye, thick gelatinous material
Vitreous humor
39
removes waste products, fluid
secreted into the posterior chamber, flows around lens, through pupil & into anterior chamber
drains via canal of Schlemm (scleral venous sinus)
Aqueous humor:
40
processed by the thalamus and then interpreted by visual association areas in the cerebrum.
Visual stimulus information
41
some axons from the optic nerve decussate.
optic chiasm
42
on each side then contains axons from both eyes.
The optic tract
43
conducts visual stimulus information
Each optic nerve
44
External Auditory Canal/Meatus
Pinna/Auricle
Helix/Antihelix
Tragus/Antitragus
Tympanic membrane
Function: helps to funnel sounds into canal
external ear
45
Contains an air-filled tympanic cavity.
Medially, a bony wall of the oval window and round window separates the middle ear from the inner ear.
Maintains an open connection with the atmosphere through the auditory tube (Eustachian tube).
Houses the auditory ossicles.
malleus, incus, and stapes
the middle ear
46
opens into the nasopharynx (upper throat) from the middle ear
air movement through this tube (as a result of chewing, yawning, and swallowing) allows the pressure to equalize on both sides of the tympanic membrane
Eustachian tube
47
Receptors sense hearing and equilibrium; housed in fluid-filled tubes/chambers
Membranous labyrinth (endolymph), bony labyrinth (perilymph)
Vestibule, semicircular canals, utricle, saccule, ampulla/cupula, maculae, otolith/statoconia
Cochlea; cochlear, tympanic and vestibular ducts; organ of corti, tectorial membrane
the inner ear
48
