urinary system

Question 1

ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Answer 1

Urinary tract

Question 2

kidneys, blood vessels

Answer 2

Urinary System Structures

Question 3

filter waste products from the bloodstream and convert the filtrate into urine.

Answer 3

kidneys

Question 4

Regulates the volume, composition and pH of body fluids, adjusts water loss, releases of EPO and renin

Removes excess water, electrolytes and other wastes (urea, urine)

Storage of urine and excretion of urine

Regulation of erythrocyte production.

As the kidneys filter the blood, they are also indirectly measuring the oxygen level in the blood

Answer 4

Urinary System General Functions

Question 5

depression, vessels & nerves enter/exit

Answer 5

Hilus (kidney)

Question 6

under capsule, location of glomerular capsules

Answer 6

Cortex (kidney)

Question 7

renal pyramids, papilla, columns

Answer 7

Medulla (kidney)

Question 8

minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis to ureter

Answer 8

Renal Sinus (kidney)

Question 9

Located on either side of vertebral column, left slightly superior, retroperitoneal

Reddish brown color, bean shaped with smooth surface.

Tough renal capsule (fibrous)

Answer 9

kidney

Question 10

renal artery  segmental  interlobar  arcuate  interlobular  afferent arterioles glomerulus efferent arterioles capillaries

Answer 10

blood supply to the kidney (Arteries)

Question 11

from capillaries interlobular arcuate interlobar renal vein

Answer 11

blood supply to the kidney (Veins)

Question 12

peritubular (cortex) or vasa recta (medulla)

Answer 12

blood supply to the kidney (veins)

Question 13

The functional filtration unit in the kidney.

Kidneys house approx 2.5 million nephrons.

Filtration is mostly a passive process based on solute size and conc. gradients

Blood to be filtered arrives at the nephron via the glomerulus (capillary)

Types: Cortical or Juxtamedullary

Answer 13

Nephrons

Question 14

Consists of the following components:

renal corpuscle (Bowman’s or glomerular capsule w/ glomerulus)

proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop

distal convoluted tubule

renal tubule: PCT, loop of Henle, DCT

Answer 14

Nephrons

Question 15

Actively reabsorb almost all nutrients (glucose, a.a., f.a.), electrolytes, and any plasma proteins.

Approximately 60% to 65% of the water in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed by osmosis.

The solutes and water are returned to the blood via the peritubular capillaries

Answer 15

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Question 16

: reabsorbs water from surrounding tissue

Answer 16

descending limb (nephron loop)

Question 17

Na+ and Cl- are reabsorbed in the surrounding tissue

Answer 17

ascending limb (nephron loop)

Question 18

Begins at the PCT, extends into the medulla

As solute conc. of interstitial fluid increases due to ascending limb release a conc. gradient is produced that pulls water out of the descending limb.

Thin portions of both limbs are permeable to water.

Answer 18

nephron loop

Question 19

Begins at the end of the nephron loop.

Impermeable to solutes, must use active transport to pass ions (pumps regulated by aldosterone)

Reabsorption of water occurs here under the influence of two hormones:

Answer 19

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Question 20

increase DCT absorption of Na+ and water, increase loss of K+, secreted by adrenal gland

Answer 20

Aldosterone (distal convoluted tubule)

Question 21

reabsorption of water, increase blood volume at the kidney, secreted by post. pit

Answer 21

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (distal convoluted tub

Question 22

If an individual is well hydrated, the collecting ducts simply transport the tubular fluid into the calyxes pelvis  ureters

However, if an individual is dehydrated, water conservation must occur, and more-concentrated urine is produced
.
ADH may act on the collecting duct epithelium, making it more permeable to water from the tubular fluid.

Answer 22

Collecting Tubules and Collecting Ducts

Question 23

Three tunics of the ureters

Answer 23

mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia

Question 24

Long, fibromuscular tubes that conduct urine to the bladder. Each tube averages 25 cm in length and is retroperitoneal

originate at the renal pelvis and exit the hilum of the kidney

Peristaltic contractions are used to move urine to bladder.

Answer 24

Ureters

Question 25

Expandable, muscular sac, reservoir for urine. Positioned immediately superior and posterior to the pubic symphysis.

Answer 25

Urinary Bladder

Question 26

contacts the uterus posterosuperiorly and with the vagina posteroinferiorly

Answer 26

Females (urinary bladder)

Question 27

contacts the rectum posterosuperiorly and is immediately superior to the prostate gland.

Answer 27

Males (urinary bladder)

Question 28

: immovable portion of the urinary bladder.

Answer 28

Trigone (urinary blader)

Question 29

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and adventitia

Answer 29

Four tunics (urinary bladder)

Question 30

Is a retroperitoneal organ and is lined with transitional epithelium

Answer 30

Urinary Bladder

Question 31

Fibromuscular tube that exits the urinary bladder and conducts urine to the exterior of the body. The lining is a protective mucous membrane that houses mucin-producing cells. Bundles of smooth muscle fibers surround the mucosa and help propel urine to the outside of the body.

Answer 31

Urethra

Question 32

Two urethral sphincters restrict the release of urine until the pressure within the urinary bladder is high enough and voluntary activities needed to release the urine are activated. Internal urethral sphincter (smooth, involuntary) surrounding the neck of the bladder, where the urethra originates. External urethral sphincter (skeletal, voluntary-SNS) is in the urogenital diaphragm.

Answer 32

Urethra

Question 33

Has a single function to transport urine from the urinary bladder to the vestibule 3 to 5 centimeters long, and opens to the outside of the body at the external urethral orifice located in the female perineum.

Answer 33

Female Urethra

Question 34

is approx. 3 to 4 cm long, extends through the prostate gland, immediately inferior to the male bladder

Answer 34

prostatic urethra

Question 35

extends from the inferior surface of the prostate gland through the urogenital diaphragm

Answer 35

membranous urethra

Question 36

encased within a cylinder of erectile tissue in the penis (corpus spongiosum)

Answer 36

spongy urethra

Question 37

Urinary and reproductive functions, passageway for both urine and semen Approximately 18 to 20 cm long. Partitioned into three segments:

Answer 37

Male Urethra

Question 38

complex sequence of events starting with stretch receptors in the bladder wall

Answer 38

Micturition reflex

Question 39

The bladder is supplied by both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve fibers When adequate stretch stim. is present, parasympathetic motor neurons stim. muscles of the bladder to contract. Elevates pressure of fluids in the bladder, urine release only occurs when both the urethral sphincters relax The expulsion of urine from the bladder

Answer 39

Micturition (Urination)

Question 40

If external sphincter doesn’t relax then no urine is expelled and bladder relaxes. When more urine arrives, the stim. repeats, but is stronger this time. Tensing of the abdominal and expiratory muscles increases pressure and assists in compressing the bladder… pee faster, but be careful!

Answer 40

Micturition