General Gastroenterology of Small Animals and Equine Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
What causes gastric ulcers in pigs?
A
Housing stress, type of feed, concurrent disease
2
Q
What clinical signs will you see in pigs with gastric ulcers?
A
Pale mucous membranes, dark feces
3
Q
Which age of pigs are most commonly affected by gastric ulcers?
A
Growing pigs
4
Q
What will you find on necropsy of a pig with gastric ulscers?
A
Clotted blood in the stomach and duodenum
5
Q
Which part of the stomach is most often affected by gastric ulcers in pigs?
A
Pars esophagea portion
6
Q
What type of muscle is the canine esophagus composed of?
A
Completely striated muscle
7
Q
What type of muscle is the feline esophagus composed of?
A
2/3 striated, 1/3 smooth muscle
8
Q
What stomach cells produce HCl?
A
Parietal cells
9
Q
What is HCl produced in response to?
A
Gastrin
10
Q
What cells produce gastrin?
A
G-cells in the antrum
11
Q
What drug do we use to induce emesis in cats?
A
Xylazine
12
Q
What drug stimulates appetite in small animals?
A
Cyproheptadine
13
Q
What type of obstruction is an intussusception?
A
Mechanical
14
Q
What is the most common site for an intussusception in a dog?
A
Ileocolic
15
Q
What type of feces will you see with an intussusception?
A
Scant, bloody diarrhea
16
Q
What history is usually important for diagnosing an intussusception in small animals?
A
History of recent enteritis
17
Q
What type of radiographs are helpful for diagnosing an intussusception?
A
Barium study
18
Q
How do you ddx a rectal prolapse vs. colorectal intussusception?
A
Probe protruding tissue - short distance = prolapse
19
Q
What is the most common cause of rectal prolapse in kittens?
A
GI parasites cause severe D+ w/straining
20
Q
How do you treat a rectal prolapse?
A
Manual reduction, dextrose solution to decr. edema
21
Q
How do you treat an intussusception?
A
Exploratory surgery
22
Q
What causes gastric ulcers in small animals?
A
Steroids and NSAIDs, liver failure
23
Q
How do you treat gastric ulcers in small animals?
A
Omeprazole
24
Q
What is the MoA of omeprazole?
A
Proton pump inhibitor
25
How do NSAIDs cause gastric ulcers?
Compromise mucus-bicarbonate protection of stomach
26
How does liver failure cause gastric ulcers?
Decr. mucosal blood flow
27
Chronic anorexia w/intermittent V+/D+ and wt loss might indicate what GI disease?
IBD
28
What will you see on ultrasound of IBD?
Multi-focal/diffuse thickening of small intestine
29
Which layer of the small intestine is most affected by IBD?
Muscularis layer
30
How does IBD histopathology appear?
Lymphoplasmacytic inflammation of GIT
31
Ho do you treat IBD?
STEROIDS
32
Which corticosteroid concentrates in the GIT and produces fewer systemic effects?
Budesonide
33
What immunosuppresive medication is used only in dogs to treat unresponsive IBD?
Azithioprine
34
What clinical signs will accompany an upper GI obstruction/FB?
Lethargy, anorexia, V+
35
How will bloods be affected by an upper GI obstruction/FB?
Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis (low Cl, high TCO2)
36
How do you treat an upper GI obstruction/FB?
Stabilize w/fluids + enterotomy/gastrotomy
37
How can xylazine sedation cause colic in horses?
Causes inhibition of intestinal motility
38
Where do you perform an abdominocentesis on a horse and why?
R of midline to avoid the spleen
39
What are shock organs in a horse?
Lungs and colon
40
What is normal abdominal fluid in horses?
Yellow, TNCC <5000/uL, TP <2.5mg/dL
41
When a horse undergoes anaphylaxis, what type of clinical signs will you see?
Resp and lower GI signs
42
How do you treat anaphylaxis in a horse?
Epinephrine, antihistamine, steroids
43
If a horse w/colic regurgitates, what is the prognosis?
Guarded to poor
44
What are likely causes of regurgitation in foals?
Gastric ulcers, cleft palate, incoordination of swallow reflex
45
Colic in miniature horses is most commonly caused by what?
Small colon impaction
46
Acute onset of colic, gastric reflux, absent GI sounds and red mucous membranes indicate what type of colic in a horse?
Small intestine obstruction
47
What pH of gastric reflux suggests that small intestinal contents are refluxing into the stomach?
pH >5
48
What causes a small intestine obstruction in a horse?
Strangulating lipoma, mesenteric rent, epiploic foramen incarceration
49
In what age of horses are lipomas more common?
Middle age to older
50
Why must you tube a colicking horse?
Horses are unable to vomit to relieve life-threatening reflux pressure
51
Duodenitis-proximal jejunitis (DJP) may be related to what infection?
Clostridium dificile
52
What does a DJP resemble?
Small intestinal obstruction
53
Is DJP surgical?
No, responds better to medical tx
54
What color is gastric reflux in DPJ?
Orange-brown and foul smelling
55
How do you treat DJP?
IVFT, analgesics, correct acid-base abnorms
56
Where does a left dorsal colon displacement get trapped?
Over nephrosplenic ligament between the spleen and left body wall
57
Which horses are predisposed to nephrosplenic entrapment?
Large horses
58
Will gastric reflux be present with a nephrosplenic entrapment?
No
59
How can you dx a nephrosplenic entrapment on U/S?
Unable to see L kidney but can see colon on L side
60
What medication can you give to treat a nephrosplenic entrapment?
Phenylephrine
61
How does phenylephrine help treat a nephrosplenic entrapment?
Contracts the spleen to give the colon more room to move back to it's normal place
62
On a rectal palpation, which side of the body is the colon on?
Right side
63
What causes R dorsal colitis?
Chronic NSAID use
64
How is the kidney affected by chronic NSAID use in hoses?
Renal medullary crest necrosis/renal papillary necrosis
65
What GI parasite of horses cause thrombosis or arteritis of the cranial mesenteric artery and leads to infarction of bowel and colic?
Stronglylus vulgaris
66
Which GI parasites of horses migrate through the portal vein to the liver and then to the gut?
Strongylus edentatus and equinus
67
How do you treat Strongylus in horses?
Ivermectin, fenbendazole
68
Which horses are predisposed to enteroliths?
Arabians in CA and FL
69
What type of feed is considered to play a role in enterolith formation in horses?
Alfalfa hay/high Magnesium
70
What type of enteroliths do alfalfa hay-fed horses usually get?
Mg ammonium phosphate
71
How do you treat a sand enteropathy?
Psyllium
72
First intestinal discharge of a newborn foal
Meconium
73
How soon after birth does a meconium impaction occur?
Withing 24h
74
What is the most common cause of colic in a foal?
Meconium impaction
75
How do you treat a meconium impaction?
Acetylcystine enema, warm water/soap enema
76
How does acetylcystine treat a meconium impaction?
Cleaves disulfide bonds to break it down
77
Which part of the GIT is most commonly affected by sand enteropathy?
R dorsal colon
78
Where in the stomach of a horse do gastric ulcers occur and why?
Squamous region, horses constantly secrete gastric fluid
79
What predisposes a horse to gastric ulceration?
Administration of 2 NSAIDs together
80
How do you treat gastric ulcers in a horse?
Omeprazole
81
Damaged bowel leaking protein into the gut is termed a _____
Protein losing enteropathy
82
How will bloods be changed in a horse with PLE?
Normal PCV, low TP/albumin
83
How do you treat a PLE?
IV plasma (raise protein w/o raising PCV)
84
What is a choke?
Obstruction in the esophagus
85
What feeds predispose a horse to choke?
Pellets/cubes, beet pulp, grass clippings
86
What is a telltale sign of choke?
Food coming out of nostrils
87
Why should you NOT treat a choke with mineral oil?
Aspiration pneumonia
88
At what age does foal heat diarrhea occur?
7-14d of age
89
Mild diarrhea in foals 7-14d old
Foal heat diarrhea
90
Offspring of Paint mares who give birth to all white foals
Lethal white syndrome
91
How does lethal white syndrome affect a foal?
Agangliosis of intestines = constipation, megacolon, colic, death
92
Where might a linear FB anchor?
Under tongue or at pylorus
93
How does a linear FB affect the intestines?
Plication
94
Acute onset V+, anorexia, dehydration, and painful abdomen in a cat might indicate what abnormality?
Foreign body
95
What causes a megacolon in cats?
Chronic stretching of colon from feces impactions
96
Colon can no longer move feces out of the body
Megacolon
97
Causes chronic constipation, straining, obstipation in cats
Megacolon
98
How do you medically manage megacolon in cats?
Enema, lacutlose, cisapride, psyllium
99
How do you surgically treat megacolon in cats?
Subtotal colectomy
100
What artery limits the amount of colon you can resect in a cat?
Ileocolic artery
101
Which junction is preserved with a subtotal colectomy?
Ileocolic junction
102
How do you treat a hairball problem in cats?
Laxatone, high quality diet
103
Which dog breed gets familial hyperlipidemia/hypertriglyceridemia?
Mini Schnauzers
104
What does familial hyperlipidemia presdispose to?
Seizures, pancreatitis, acute blindness
105
How do you manage familial hyperlipidemia?
Low-fat diet
106
What causes megaesophagus in dogs?
Myasthenia gravis, PRAA, thymoma
107
What test do you do to dx myasthenia gravis?
Edrophonium test
108
What are clinical signs of megaesophagus in dogs?
Regurgitation, choking on saliva and bringing up white foam
109
What will you see on megaesophagus rads?
Distended esophagus, tracheal stripe sign, aspiration pneumonia
110
How do you treat megaesophagus?
Small, frequent, elevated feedings, high-calorie diet
111
What meds can sometimes stimulate esophageal peristalsis?
Metaclopramide and cisapride
112
How do you treat myasthenia gravis?
Pyridostigmine
113
Twisting of intestines on themselves at the rood of the mesentery
Mesenteric volvulus
114
Acute life-threatening disease that presents as severe abd pain, shock, gas distention
Mesenteric volvulus
115
How do you dx a septic peritonitis?
Peritoneal glucose >20mg/dL LESS than blood glucose
116
How do you treat esophagitis?
Sucralfacte
117
Which dogs are predisposed to perianal fistulas?
GSD, irish setter, labs
118
How do you treat perianal fistulas?
Cyclosporine (immunosuppressive drugs)
119
What is the px of a perianal fistula surgery?
Guarded d/t fecal incontinence
120
What is a perianal adenoma?
Hepatoid tumor
121
Which dogs are more likely to get perianal adenomas and why?
Intact males b/c tumor is testosterone-dependent
122
How do you tx perianal adenomas?
Castration
123
What is lymphangiectasia?
PLE
124
Dilation and dysfunction of intestinal lymphatics and leakage of protein-rich lymph into the intestine
PLE
125
What components of metabolism are lost to lymphagiectasia?
Protein, cholesterol, lymphocytes
126
How will bloodwork change with lymphagiectasia?
Panhypoproteinemia, low Ca
127
What type of hernias are older, intact male dogs predisposed to?
Perineal hernias
128
What is a factor in the occurrence of a perineal hernia?
Hormone-weakened pelvic diaphragm
129
Which dogs are most likely to get inguinal hernias and how?
Male dogs, congenital or from trauma
130
What structures make up the internal inguinal ring?
Inguinal lig, rectus abdominus, internal abd. oblique
131
What structures make up the external inguinal ring?
External abd. oblique
132
What is the cause of an umbilical hernia?
Congenital failure/delayed fusion of rectus abdominis muscle
133
When should a congenital umbilical hernia resolve on its own?
By 6mo of age
