Misc Toxicology of Small Animals

Question 1

What does xylitol tox cause in dogs?

Answer 1

Rapid release of insulin = hypoglycemia

Question 2

What are clinical sings of xylitol tox?

Answer 2

V+, weakness, ataxia, depression, seizures/coma

Question 3

What e-lyte abnormality is most concerning to watch out for with xylitol toxicity?

Answer 3

Hypokalemia

Question 4

How do you treat xylitol tox?

Answer 4

IVFT w/dextrose, hepatoprotectants (SAMe) if necessary

Question 5

What is the MoA of a black widow spider bite?

Answer 5

Acetylcholine in the toxin binds Ca channels

Question 6

What does a black widow spider bite cause?

Answer 6

Ascending motor paralysis and destruction of peripheral nerves

Question 7

What is the genus of black widow spiders?

Answer 7

Lactrodectus mactans/hesperus

Question 8

How do black widow spider bite victims die?

Answer 8

Respiratory/CV failure

Question 9

What are clinical signs of a black widow spider bite?

Answer 9

Recumbency, vocalizing, pain, rigidity w/muscle spasms

Question 10

Why are fleet enemas dangerous?

Answer 10

High in phosphorus

Question 11

How does a fleet enema affect calcium?

Answer 11

HypoCa

Question 12

What are clinical signs of fleet enema tox?

Answer 12

Hypocalcemia signs like weakness, shock, tremors, and seizures

Question 13

How do you tx fleet enema tox?

Answer 13

Ca gluconate, phosphorus binders

Question 14

Other than hypoCa, what other electrolyte abnormalities can a fleet enema cause?

Answer 14

Hypernatremia, hyperphosphatemia, and hyperkalemia

Question 15

How do you treat hyperkalemia assoc. w/fleet enema tox?

Answer 15

Insulin and dextrose

Question 16

What is strychnine found in?

Answer 16

Snail bate

Question 17

What is the MoA of strychnine?

Answer 17

Competitively antagonizes action of glycine

Question 18

What is the pathophysiology of strychnine toxicity?

Answer 18

Loss of impulse contractility in spinal cord and brain

Question 19

What tissue is most affected by strychnine tox?

Answer 19

Striated muscle

Question 20

How do you treat strychnine tox?

Answer 20

Methocarbamol (prevent convulsions) and minimize stimulation

Question 21

In which type of chocolate is methylxanthines most highly concentrated?

Answer 21

Unsweetened baking chocolate (and dark chocolate)

Question 22

What are examples of methylxanthine?

Answer 22

Caffeine, theobromide

Question 23

Which toxin alters activity of sodium ion channels to increase length of depolarization in cats?

Answer 23

Pyrethrins

Question 24

What are clinical signs of pyrethrin toxiciosis?

Answer 24

Depression, hypersalivation, ataxia, muscle tremors

Question 25

How do you treat pyrethrin tox?

Answer 25

Methocarbamol, bathe

Question 26

Which animals is acetominophen toxic to?

Answer 26

Cats

Question 27

Why is acetominophen toxic to cats?

Answer 27

Cats lack glutathione and glucoronyl transferase to break it down

Question 28

What does acetominiophen ingestion cause in cats?

Answer 28

Methemoglobinemia, sometimes Heinz bodies

Question 29

How do you treat acetominophen tox in cats?

Answer 29

N-acetylcystine

Question 30

What causes renal failure?

Answer 30

Grapes/raisins, lillies

Question 31

What do lillies cause in cats?

Answer 31

Acute renal failure

Question 32

What toxicoses cause heinz body anemia?

Answer 32

Zinc, onions, rye grass, brassica family

Question 33

Ingestion of which toxin causes hemolytic anemia and heinz body anemia d/t oxidative damage to RBCs?

Answer 33

Onion tox

Question 34

What are signs of onion toxicity?

Answer 34

Hemoglobinuria and hemoglobinemia

Question 35

What nutritional deficiency can cause heinz body anemia?

Answer 35

Molybdenum deficiency

Question 36

What plant causes heinz body anemia and icterus in horses?

Answer 36

Red maple leaves (Acer rubrum)

Question 37

How do red maple leaves cause heinz body anemia in horses?

Answer 37

Low O2 content in blood

Question 38

How do you treat lead poisoning in large animals?

Answer 38

Ca EDTA to chelate

Question 39

Why should you NOT use Na EDTA to treat lead poisoning?

Answer 39

Na will bind up Ca and cause hypoCa

Question 40

How do lead poisoned large animal patients present?

Answer 40

Acute blindness, dullness, unaware of presence

Question 41

How can you determine if a cow has been poisoned with lead?

Answer 41

Rumen contents have oilys heen

Question 42

How are large animals subjected to lead poisoning?

Answer 42

Contaminated petroleum products

Question 43

How are small animals subjected to lead poisoning?

Answer 43

Ingestion of pennies minted after 1983

Question 44

Non-stick cookware releases this odorless vapor when heated above critical temperatures

Answer 44

Teflon

Question 45

How does teflon affect birds?

Answer 45

Accumulates in lungs and causes fluid accumulation which impairs gas exchange

Question 46

How quickly can birds die from teflon toxicity?

Answer 46

Within minutes

Question 47

What toxic agent is found in avocado?

Answer 47

Persin (a phytochemical)

Question 48

What are clinical signs of avocado tox in birds?

Answer 48

Heart failure and resp compromise

Question 49

Which species has been experimentally proven to be susceptible to toxic effects of persin?

Answer 49

Budgerigars

Question 50

What are sources of lead that a bird might get into?

Answer 50

Paint, toys, jewelry, glitter, foil, lead shot

Question 51

What are signs of lead poisoning in birds?

Answer 51

Acute weakness, anorexia, regurgitation

Question 52

What are common sources of zinc poisoning in birds?

Answer 52

Paint primers on cages, nails, galvanized metals, jewelry

Question 53

What are clinical signs of lead toxicity in birds?

Answer 53

Depression, regurgitation, lameness, behavioral change

Question 54

How do you diagnose a metal toxicity in a bird?

Answer 54

Radiographs and blood testing

Question 55

What clinical signs does caffeine cause in birds?

Answer 55

Vomiting, hyperactivity, tremors/seizures

Question 56

What aerosol vapors from household chemicals are birds particularly sensitive to?

Answer 56

Phenol derivatives (Lysol)

Question 57

Birds often like the taste of this but it can cause severe liver damage

Answer 57

Beer (alcohol)

Question 58

What mineral must be limited in large breed puppies to prevent skeletal abnormalities?

Answer 58

Calcium

Question 59

What vitamin deficiency causes night blindness

Answer 59

Vit A

Question 60

Common cause of status epilepticus in young toy breed dogs

Answer 60

Hypoglycemia

Question 61

What is maintenance energy requirement for dogs and cats?

Answer 61

30xBW+70 (dogs) | 80xBW (cats)

Question 62

Which dog breed is predisposed to copper toxicosis?

Answer 62

Bedlington terriers

Question 63

How do you diagnose bile peritonitis?

Answer 63

Bilirubin conc in fluid 2x that of serum