Misc Toxicology of Large Animals

Question 1

Causes hyperestrogenism and pseudopregnancy in pigs

Answer 1

Zealalenone

Question 2

Potent estrogenic metabolite produced by Fusarium

Answer 2

Zealalenone

Question 3

What produces Zealalenone?

Answer 3

Fusarium

Question 4

What lesions do you see with salt poisoning?

Answer 4

Perivascular infiltration of eosinophils

Question 5

What is the pathogenesis of salt poisoning?

Answer 5

Too much blood Na = increased osmolarity = brain forms idiogenic osmoles

Question 6

How do you treat salt poisoning?

Answer 6

Rehydrate SLOWLY

Question 7

What clinical signs will you see with salt poisoning?

Answer 7

Head pressing, stargazing, blindness, seizures

Question 8

Why is rehydrating a salt poisoning patient too quickly a dangerous idea?

Answer 8

Hemolysis can occur b/c water rushes into RBCs and they lyse

Question 9

What is the purpose of idiogenic osmoles?

Answer 9

Draw water back into the brain when dehydrated

Question 10

Copper is a common toxicity in which animals?

Answer 10

Sheep

Question 11

Which animals are very resistant to high copper levels?

Answer 11

Pigs

Question 12

What is the most common way that sheep are exposed to copper?

Answer 12

Cattle and horse feed contain too much copper for sheep

Question 13

What does copper tox cause in sheep?

Answer 13

Hemolytic anemia

Question 14

What is the pathogenesis of copper tox in sheep?

Answer 14

Liver levels build until suddenly released = massive hemolysis = icterus

Question 15

What clinical signs will you see with copper deficiency in sheep?

Answer 15

Enzootic ataxia, swayback

Question 16

In what age of sheep is enzootic ataxia seen?

Answer 16

Lambs 1-2mo

Question 17

What form of copper deficiency is congenital and seen in very young lambs and results in progressive ascending paralysis?

Answer 17

Swayback

Question 18

What causes grass tetany/staggers?

Answer 18

Phalaris, hypoMg

Question 19

What are clinical signs of Phalaris toxicity?

Answer 19

Stiff-legged gait, nystagmus, fall and flail wildly

Question 20

How do you treat Phalaris tox?

Answer 20

Remove from pasture

Question 21

What electrolyte is important for nervous system function and enzyme reactions?

Answer 21

Magnesium

Question 22

When does hypoMg occur?

Answer 22

Lush pastures that are well-fertilized w/nitrogen and potassium

Question 23

How do high levels of nitrogen and potassium cause hypoMg

Answer 23

Inhibit Mg absorption

Question 24

What clinical signs will you see with hypoMg?

Answer 24

Restlessness, staggers, over-alert, convulsions

Question 25

What does black walnut tox cause in horses?

Answer 25

Laminitis

Question 26

What is the toxic property of moldy red clover?

Answer 26

Slaframine

Question 27

What does slaframine/moldy red clover tox cause?

Answer 27

Hypersalivation ("slobbers")

Question 28

What do oak leaves and acorn toxicity cause?

Answer 28

Hemorrhagic D+, abd pain, tenesmus

Question 29

Which animals also get renal damage from oak leaf/acorn tox?

Answer 29

Cattle

Question 30

Which parasitic fungus causes ergotism?

Answer 30

Claviceps purpura

Question 31

On which plants is C. purpura/ergot found?

Answer 31

Rye, oats, wheat, Kentucky bluegrass (GRAIN)

Question 32

What is the pathogenesis of ergotism?

Answer 32

Alkaloids cause vascular constriction, thrombosis, gangrene

Question 33

What lesions do you see with Sorghum tox?

Answer 33

Myelomalacia of lower spinal cord

Question 34

What are clinical signs assoc. w/Sorghum tox?

Answer 34

Pelvic limb incoordination, urine dribbling, death

Question 35

How do mucous membranes appear with carbon monoxide poisoning?

Answer 35

Cherry red

Question 36

How do you ddx carbon monoxide from cyanide tox?

Answer 36

Cyanide tox has an almond smell

Question 37

What toxicity is common in horses and cows and causes sudden death w/o rigor mortis, SQ edema, and unclotted blood exuding from orifices?

Answer 37

Anthrax

Question 38

Why should you not necropsy a suspected anthrax death?

Answer 38

Release spores into environment

Question 39

How do you dx anthrax?

Answer 39

Vitreous humor or blood from an ear scrape

Question 40

What are the three forms of human anthrax?

Answer 40

Intestinal, pulmonary, cutaneous

Question 41

What produces 4-ipomeanol (4-IP) which causes atypical interstitial pneumonia?

Answer 41

Fusarium solani

Question 42

Where is Fusarium solani found?

Answer 42

Moldy sweet potatoes

Question 43

What are clinical signs of moldy sweet potato tox?

Answer 43

Grunting, frothing at the mouth, deep cough, resp distress

Question 44

What lesions will you see with 4-IP and 3-MI?

Answer 44

Lungs are wet, firm, and fail to collapse

Question 45

What plants cause fog fever?

Answer 45

Brassica plants (rape, kale, turnips)

Question 46

What is the common name for acute bovine pulmonary edema and ephysema?

Answer 46

Fog fever

Question 47

What is the toxic principle of brassica plants?

Answer 47

Tryptophan is converted to 3-methyl-indole (3-MI)

Question 48

What does 3-MI cause?

Answer 48

Interstitial pneumonia, emphysema, cyanosis

Question 49

Which cattle are prone to 3-MI?

Answer 49

Cattle on lush forage

Question 50

What are clinical signs of 3-MI?

Answer 50

Frothy nasal discharge, SQ emphysema, loud cough, open mouth breathing, crackles and wheezes

Question 51

What is aflatoxin?

Answer 51

Mycotoxin from Aspergillus

Question 52

What organ does aflatoxin affect?

Answer 52

Liver

Question 53

What lesions will you see with aflatoxins or pyrrolizidine alkaloid tox?

Answer 53

Subacute hepatic necrosis and fibrosis

Question 54

Where is aflatoxin found?

Answer 54

Moldy grains