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Medical Biochemistry > Genetic Code and Translation > Flashcards

Genetic Code and Translation Flashcards

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1
Q

how are RNA and DNA written (named)?

A

5’ to 3’

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2
Q

how are proteins written (named)?

A

from the N-terminus to the C-terminus

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3
Q

what RNA are most responsible for translation?

A

rRNA, tRNA, mRNA

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4
Q

how can 4 bases specify the 20 different amino acids

A

some amino acids MUST have more than 1 codon - the code is redundant

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5
Q

how are mRNA messages read?

A

genetic code is non-overlapping, no spaces

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6
Q

how many reading frames does dsDNA have?

A

3 possible reading frames on top
3 possible reading frames on bottom
= 6 reading frames

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7
Q

insertion or deletion of one or two nucleotides will lead to what?

A

frameshift mutation

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8
Q

what will insertion or deletion of three nucleotides lead to?

A

inframe mutation (insertion or deletion)

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9
Q

what happens when there is insertion or deletion of any multiple of 3 (3,6,9,12)?

A

nucleotides will lead to larger inflame mutations

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10
Q

what are the stop codons?

A

UGA
UAG
UAA

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11
Q

what is the start codon?

A

AUG

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12
Q

what is special about tryptophan and methionine?

A

only has 1 codon to code for it

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13
Q

in most amino acids, there can be more than 1 _____ to specify that amino acid.

A

codon

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14
Q

why is the genetic code NEARLY universal?

A

mitochondria has differences, not as many base pairing like in our chromosomal nuclei

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15
Q

what are ribosomes? what are they made of?

A

they are the RNA machine
made of 2/3 RNA and 1/3 protein
Prokaryotes - odd
Eukaryotes - even

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16
Q

why aren’t the 50S and 30S additive?

A

they are not perfect spheres, they are different shapes

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17
Q

where on the tRNA is the amino acid attachment site?

A

3’ OH

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18
Q

where are 3 bases on the mRNA recognized by base pairing?

A

anticodon loop

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19
Q

what does the anticodon loop 5’ position “wobble” position have?

A

Inosinate

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20
Q

because of insinuate what can happen?

A

multiple base pair to different positions on the mRNA

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21
Q

what is the wobble hypothesis?

A

predicted base pair between the 5’ position of the anticodon and the 3’ position of the codon

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22
Q

if there are 61 codons, how many tRNA do you need?

A

less than 61 because some tRNAs can read more than 1 codon

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23
Q

what is a charged tRNA?

A

tRNA carrying amino acid - covalently bonded

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24
Q

how is the reaction of amino acid attachment onto tRNA driven?

A

by hydrolysis of pyrophosphate

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25
what are the steps in forming a polypeptide polymer from an RNA template?
``` acitvation of the monomer initiation elongation termination processing the polymer ```
26
one mRNA has how many reading frames
3
27
what does snoRNA do?
splice rRNA
28
what does snRNA do?
splice mRNA
29
how many reading frames does ds DNA have?
6
30
which ribosome is bigger E or P?
eukaryote - more proteins
31
what can I pair with?
U, C or A
32
what happens during activation of translation?
to charge tRNA 1. enzyme bound amino-acid-adenylate 2. formation of amino acyl tRNA
33
what do eukaryotes use as the first amino acid in translation?
AUG - methionine Met
34
what do prokaryotes use as the first amino acid in translation?
N-formyl methionine
35
prokaryotes have 2tRNAs for methionine what do they do?
one allows formation of fMet, the other recognizes internal AUG codons
36
when is GTP hydrolysized during initiation?
as the 50S subunit joins to form the 70S complex ribosome
37
where is shine delgarno sequence found? what does it have?
only in prokaryotes - sequence is purine (A,G) rich and resides a few bases 5' to start the condon
38
what are the 3 steps in elongation (translation)?
binding of aminoacyl tRNA formation of peptide bond translocation of mRNA relative to ribosome
39
what catalyzed the activity of the portino of the 50S ribosome in elongation?
ribozymes
40
What is EF-G
prokaryotic - GTPase protein
41
what is EF-G in eukaryotes called?
EF-2
42
why does the zymogen activateion of an inactive precursor even happen post translation?
to protect the cell from begin digested by its own products - digestive proteins, capases to activate apotheosis
43
how many nucleotide bases are in a codon?
3
44
what are the codons for glycine (gly)/
``` GG -A GG-U GG- C GG-G *can have any nucleotide base in third position (3') ```
45
what structure of tRNA resembles a clover leaf?
secondary
46
what nucleotide bases are at the 3' end OH group where the aa attaches?
CCA
47
what is special about the tRNA alanine with IGC anticodon?
3 codons for alanine so I can bind with U C or A
48
what permits the base pairing between two purines?
adenosine/ionsine arrangement between codon/anticodon
49
what is the only free aminoacyl-tRNA to bind to the P site first in prokaryotes?
tRNA fMet
50
Catalyzed by an enzymatic activity of the RNA portion of the 50S ribosome
–a Ribozyme
51
prokaryotes: polycistronic or monocistronic?
poly
52
eukaryotes: polycistronic or monocistronic?
mono
53
what is interesting about prokaryotic translation?
transcription and translation are coupled
54
why isn't eukaryotic translation not coupled?
because of nuclear membrane
55
how many tRNA do eukaryotic and prokaryotes have?
2 each
56
why do they need 2 tRNAs
the idea is to get the FIRST Met to the Psite to allow initiation
57
on what amino acids does protein phosphorylation by a kinase take place?
Ser/Thr more common than tyrosine phosphorylation phophate is transfered from ATP to protein
58
what is an example of a tyrosine kinase?
insulin receptor - phosphate is transfered from ATP to protein tyrosine
59
what way do glycan groups always face in glycosylation?
always face extracellular side
60
what is O linked glycolsylation of Ser/Thr?
glycolsylation of the OH gropus
61
what is N linked glycosylation
glycosylation of asparagine not glutamine!!!
62
how does the cell target RAS to the plasma membrane?
lipid anchor mechanism
63
What is preproinsulin?
Translation of the polypeptide is directed into the lumen of the rER and forms “preproinsulin”
64
how is proinsulin formed?
The signal sequence is cleaved in the lumen of the rER

Medical Biochemistry (17 decks)

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