Genetic control of metabolism - learning outcomes/ questions Flashcards
Wild strains of micro-organisms can be improved by what?
Wild strains of micro-organisms can be improved by mutagenesis, or recombinant DNA technology.
Exposure to UV light and other forms of radiation or mutagenic chemicals results in what and may produce what?
Exposure to UV light and other forms of radiation or mutagenic chemicals results in mutations, some of which may produce an improved strain of micro-organism.
Recombinant DNA technology involves the use of what type of plasmids and artificial chromosomes as what?
Recombinant DNA technology involves the use of recombinant plasmids and artificial chromosomes as vectors.
A vector is a DNA molecule used to carry what and where and artificial chromosomes are used as what during what type DNA technology?
A vector is a DNA molecule used to carry foreign genetic information into another cell and both plasmids and artificial chromosomes are used as vectors during recombinant DNA technology.
Artificial chromosomes are what to plasmids as vectors when larger fragments of foreign DNA are required to be inserted?
Artificial chromosomes are preferable to plasmids as vectors when larger fragments of foreign DNA are required to be inserted.
Restriction endonucleases cut open what and what does it leave?
Restriction endonucleases cut open plasmids and specific genes out of chromosomes, leaving sticky ends.
Complementary sticky ends are produced when the same what is used to cut open the plasmid and the gene from the what?
Complementary sticky ends are produced when the same restriction endonuclease is used to cut open the plasmid and the gene from the chromosome.
What seals the gene into the plasmid?
Ligase seals the gene into the plasmid.
Recombinant plasmids and artificial chromosomes contain what?
Recombinant plasmids and artificial chromosomes contain restriction sites, regulatory sequences, an origin of replication and selectable markers.
Restriction sites contain what?
Restriction sites contain target sequences of DNA where specific restriction endonucleases cut.
Regulatory sequences control gene expression and origin of replication allows what?
Regulatory sequences control gene expression and origin of replication allows self-replication of the plasmid/artificial chromosome.
Selectable markers such as antibiotic resistance genes protect the micro-organism from what?
Selectable markers such as antibiotic resistance genes protect the micro-organism from a selective agent (antibiotic) that would normally kill it or prevent it growing.
Selectable marker genes present in the vector ensure that only micro-organisms that have taken up the what?
Selectable marker genes present in the vector ensure that only micro-organisms that have taken up the vector grow in the presence of the selective agent (antibiotic).
As a what mechanism, genes are often introduced that prevent the what of the micro- organism in a what?
As a safety mechanism, genes are often introduced that prevent the survival of the micro- organism in an external environment.
Recombinant yeast cells may be used as what and what does this express?
Recombinant yeast cells may be used as plant or animal recombinant DNA expressed in bacteria may result in polypeptides being incorrectly folded.
