genetics

Question 1

dominant allele

Answer 1

most visible winning trait

Question 2

recessive allele

Answer 2

less visible, smaller trait

Question 3

homozygous

Answer 3

the same two identical alleles (TT, tt)

Question 4

heterozygous

Answer 4

two different alleles

Question 5

mendels 3 laws

Answer 5

law of dominance, law of segregation, law of independent assortment

Question 6

co dominance

Answer 6

2 dominant alleles being expressed at the same time (ex: red and white flower becomes a Red and white colored flower)

Question 7

incomplete dominance

Answer 7

two different alleles caused by a blending of color different from both parents (ex: red and white flower forms a pink flower)

Question 8

what are body cells known as and how many chromosomes/pairs are there

Answer 8

somatic cells have 46 chromosomes and 23 pairs

Question 9

what are sex cells known as and how many chromosomes are there

Answer 9

gametes have 23 chromosomes

Question 10

cytosine always links to

Answer 10

guanine

Question 11

adenile will always think to

Answer 11

thymine

Question 12

the rungs of the ladder are made of of

Answer 12

2 nucleotides

Question 13

the sides of the ladders are made up of

Answer 13

sugar phosphate back bone

Question 14

DNA vs RNA

Answer 14

RNA: 1 strand, ribose sugars, no thymine or uracils

DNA: 2 strands, deoxyribose sugars, thymine

Question 15

transcription

Answer 15

mRNA (messenger RNA) is a script using only one strand of DNA

Question 16

translation

Answer 16

Rrna (reads/translate MRNA script)

Question 17

DNA replication

Answer 17

replacation - exact duplication of genetics material before cell divison (double strand DNA unwinds and unzips between weak bonds, helicase get involved with the replavtion)

Question 18

transcription vs translations are known as

Answer 18

proteins synthesis

Question 19

the steps for transcriptions

Answer 19

1. DNA unzips and splits
2. one stand of DNA (template strand) is used to translate/write MRNA
3. MRNNA leaves the nucleus to the ribosomes

Question 20

steps for translations

Answer 20

1. RRNA reads/translates the code for MRNA
2. tRNA brings RNA down to the correct amino acids
3. amino acids are put together by dehydration synthesis w peptide bonds

Question 21

mutation

Answer 21

a sudden change in the structure for genetics material

Question 22

mutations are usually (effects of mutations)

Answer 22

harmful, have no effect, or beneficial

Question 23

environmental causes of mutation (mutagens)

Answer 23

mutagen such as ultra Violet light cause nuclear radiation chemicals that can damage the DNA

Question 24

what do carcinogens to
(key word: carcin)

Answer 24

cause cancer

Question 25

what do formaldehyde do (key word: forma)

Answer 25

a fluid to display hearts/other iems

Question 26

chromosomal mutation

Answer 26

permanent changes in a chromosome

Question 27

gene mutation

Answer 27

a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and determines a trait

Question 28

point mutation examples

Answer 28

substitution, addition, deletion

Question 29

sickle cell amenia

Answer 29

a crescent shape blood cell that has no oxygen if you have it

Question 30

frameshift mutation

Answer 30

when more thann one codon is being effected by the mutation

Question 31

deletion mutation

Answer 31

one nucleotide is missing/destroyd

Question 32

addition mutation

Answer 32

nucleotides are added (worse than deletion)

Question 33

nondisjunction

Answer 33

when chromosomes don't seperate correctly (lack of chromosome/extra chromosome) for example: down syndrome, turner syndrome, Kline filter syndrome)

Question 34

selection breeding

Answer 34

selecting the most desirable traits in an organism to mate

Question 35

inbreeding

Answer 35

mating with look alike individuals to obtain desired characteristics

Question 36

genetic engineering examples

Answer 36

gel electrophorseis, inbreeding/selection, cloning

Question 37

restriction enzymes

Answer 37

a genetic scissor that cuts DNA into fragments

Question 38

plasmids

Answer 38

ring shapes DNA from bacteria used to join fragments together to from a recombination dna

Question 39

recombinant DNA

Answer 39

a mixture of DNA from two or more different organisms

Question 40

genomes

Answer 40

all the genes possessed by an organism

Question 41

clone

Answer 41

a large number of cells grown from a single cell can be a result from asexual reproduction