geographical skills Flashcards
1
Q
topographic maps def
A
a type of map characterised by large-scale detail and quantative representation of relief, ususally using contour lines, but a variety of methods can be used.
2
Q
analysis def
A
to study or examine something in detail
3
Q
interpretation def
A
to give the meaning of something
4
Q
application def
A
the action of putting something into operation
5
Q
how do you measure a curve on a map
A
divide the curve in to straight sections and measure these straight line distances.
6
Q
grid references def
A
the referal to a grid of squares which helps the map-reader to locate a place
7
Q
eastings
A
the vertical lines on a map
8
Q
northings
A
the horizontal lines on a map
9
Q
what does a 4 figure grid reference locate
A
a grid square
10
Q
what are 4 figure grid references used to locate
A
a fairly large feature e.g. town or valley
11
Q
what does a 6 figure grid reference measure
A
an exact point
12
Q
what are 6 figure grid references used to locate
A
a conventional sign or building
13
Q
how do you find a 4 figure grid reference
A
use the first two figures/nubers to go along the bottom, from left to right. use the second two figures/nu,bers to go up the side. draw lines where you have gone up and along, to find the PRECISE AND EXACT point.
14
Q
how do you find a 6 figure grid reference
A
use the first two figures/nubers to go along the bottom, from left to right. use the second two figures/nu,bers to go up the side. draw lines where you have gone up and along, to find the PRECISE AND EXACT point. however because it is 6 figures, it will not be on one of the map lines, as the large square has effectively been split into 10. e.g. 065 675, the up one will be in the middle as 5 is in the middle of 10.
15
Q
16 points of the compass
A
north north north east north east east north east east east south east south east south south east south south south west south west west south west west west north west north west north west north north
16
Q
compass def
A
an instrument used for navigation and orientation that shows direction relative to the geographic directions or points.
17
Q
grid bearing def
A
a bearing measured from grid north
18
Q
what grid bearing it north
A
0
19
Q
what grid bearing is east
A
90
20
Q
what grid bearing is south
A
180
21
Q
what grid bearing is west
A
270
22
Q
where do you place the compass when finding a grid bearing
A
in the middle of the square.
23
Q
where does the grid bearing measurement start from
A
the square it’s FROM, at north at 0
24
Q
contour line def
A
a line that joins places on the map with the same height.
25
what is the contour interval
the height between contours. this can either be 5 or 10m
26
what is the spot height
an exact point, or spot, ont hemap with a height measurement written beside it
27
what is the trigonometrical station
a small, blue/black triangle with an exact height measurement written beside it
28
what does a lack of contour lines on a map mean
it is very flat land
29
what does very close contour lines on a map mean
the land is very steep
30
if the land is VERY steep (vertical-cliff)
a special sign will be used that can be found in the key
31
what contour pattern will a hill have
a series of circular shaped contours
32
what contour pattern will a valley have
a V-shaped set of contours, usually with a river in the bottom.
33
geographical term for a high flat area
high ridge or plateau
34
geographical term for a steep slope
scarp slope
35
other geographical terms
floodplain, broad, flat, steep-sided, deeply cut (by a river), gently sloping
36
what is density of drainage
the length of streams, rivers, or drainage channels you find in a grid square.
37
if a grid square has lots of rivers and streams it has
high drainage density
38
if a grid square has few rivers and streams it has
low drainage density
39
describe shape and form of river channels
meanders
oxbow lakes
deltas
40
physical features of coastlines
cliffs, headlands and bays, beaches, spits, bars and tombolos
41
cross section def
a drawing that shows what the inside of something looks like after a cut has been made through it
42
what do cross sections allow you to see
areas of flat, steep and gentle slopes and locate rivers and towns etc. used to analyse and describe certain areas of the map.
43
main patterns of settlement
dispersed, linear, nuclear
44
urban morphology def
the geographical shape of urban development
45
isoline map def
the prefix iso means equal
a map with continuous lines joining points of the same value; examples include equal height (contour lines), temperature (isotherms), rainfall (isohyet) and barometric pressure (isobars)
46
chloropleth map def
a thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable which is being displayed on the map, such as population density or per-capita income, each colour is associated with a different, quantitative value.
47
what should transport/communication networks be recognised in terms of
their type and density in relation to the physcial geography (i.e. keeping to areas of flat land and valley floors, avoiding steep slopes and mountainous areas)
and
human geography, (linking settlment together, taking traffic around a large town or city rather than through the middle (by pass)features
48
what must descriptions of patterns of settlements be entirely based on
map evidence, showing interaction between humans and their physical environment
49
examples of land use based on physical environment
upland and lowland areas as a result of climate differences due to height differences
differences between dense settlement on river floodplains and sparse settlement on steep upland slopes
50
describe def
write what something is like or where it is
51
compare def
describe two situations and present both the similarities and differences
52
explain def
write about why something occurs or happens and make plain, or intelligible, a concept or idea
53
high and low population reasons
```
hot/cold
wet/dry
fertile/infertile land
mountainous/flat
fertile river valleys
natural resources
```
54
migraiton reasons
how many people
is it international or national
economic/forced/voluntary
55
identify areas of
```
population density
population migration
road/rail transport networks
settlement sizes, shapes and patterns
relief (shape and height of land)
river - floodplains, deltas, meanders, oxbow lakes
coastal
volcanoes and earthquake features
```
56
what can you relate coastal features to
resistant and less resistant rock and differential erosion, spits, bars, tomobolos, beaches, wave-cut platforms and cliffs.
57
contrasts in population pyramids
male vs female
economically active and non-economically active population
young and old dependents
comparing two pyramids, usually a HIC and LIC
58
what are line graphs often used to show
temperature
| rainfall/precipitation
59
what does a histogram represent
a graphical representation of numerical data
60
waht are triangular graphs usually used to show
compare % of people who are working in primary, secondary, or tertiary industry. 3 axes instead of the normal 2
61
what is good about divided bar charts
they can display similar data
62
what are pie charts useful for
showing the size proportions of different categories in a data set.
63
what must pie chart data be converted into before making
perentages, then into a proportion of 360. this is done by multiplying percentage value by 3.6
64
what are proportionally divided circles
used to compare a particular set of data in two areas. e.g. industry sectors in two countries with very different total populations. the proportion si type sof industry, and size/area of the circles is proportional to relative populations of country.
65
what are radial graphs
the values extend out from a central point to show the relationship of each variable to the central point or location.
66
why are radial graphs useful
they can show a number of different variables.
67
most common type of radial graph
wind rose. four axes show N,E,S,W. number on each axis show length of time (days). therefore the prevailing/most common wind can be found. centre shows how many days with no wind.
68
scatter graphs show
relationship between two variables that are being investigated and any correlation between them.
69
independent variable goes on the
x axis
70
dependent variable goes on the
y axis
71
when are scatter diagrams more useful
when a statistical test is applied to the data
72
what do flow diagrams show
systems with inputs, processes and outputs.
73
what are kite diagrams useful for
looking at patterns of zonation in vegetation
74
what do data tables provide info on
physical phononema such as river discharges, flood events, size of earthquakes, economic activities, population/settlement, agricultural and manufacturing output etc.
75
correlation def
process of establishing a relationship or connection between two or more things
76
independent variable def
the factor that is changed or controlled in a scientific study to test the effects on the dependent variable
77
dependent variable def
the factor being tested and measured in a scientific study. dependent on the independent variable.
78
line of best fit def
a line through the centre of results with an equal number of points above and below th eline
79
kite diagram def
a graph that shows the density or distribution of species that have been found along a transect.
80
oblique photograph def
a photogrpah taken with camera axis inclined away from the vertical. usuallty covers more ground than a vertical photo from same altituide.
81
GIS def
a system used to capture, store, manipulate, analyse, manage, present spatial or geographic data
82
field sketching def
a drawing forming a fundamental part of any field work investigation. simple qualitiative technique which, done correctly will support data collected and enhance a study.
83
natural landscape:
high, low, steep, gently sloping, mountians, hills, cliffs, vertical slopes, bare rock, loose rock and scree
84
valleys:
small, large, V-shaped, wide or narrow, tributary valleys, confluence, gorges, waterfalls, rapids, oxbow lakes, river cliffs, point bars.
85
river/streams:
wide/narrow, fast/slow, turbulant, muddy/full of sediment, clear, lakes, ponds, resevoirs, well drained, poorly drained.
86
coastal:
beaches, spits, bars, lagoons, tombolos, sand, pebbles, marshes, cliffs (high, low, steep, vertical, bare rock, vegetated, collapsed) salt water, high, wave cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks, stumps, geos, cliffs with cracks/faults, joints, bedding planes, layers of rock
87
vegetation:
forests, woods, trees, shrubs, grass, bare ground, deforested, cleared
88
farmland:
fields, large/small, arable, pastoral, crops, hedges, shelter belts, fences ditches.
89
cities and towns:
shops, offices, banks, restaurants, cafes, hotels, flats, apartments, residential, multi-storey,, low rise, modern new old buildings, flat roofs, steep roofs, high density, low density buildings, concrete, brick, glass, balconies
90
rural areas:
villages, individual housing, farmhouses , single story, two storey, farms, farmland, fields, crops orchards, woods, forests.
91
streets and roads:
narrow, wide, straight, winding, sealed, unsealed, pavements, motorways, roundabouts, cars, lorries/trucks, buses, coaches, cycles, motorbikes.
92
methodology def
a system of methods used in a particular area of study or activity.
93
hypothesis df
a proposed explanation for a phenomenon taking place.
