theme three Flashcards
(290 cards)
1
Q
non-renewable resources definition
A
resources that are finite
2
Q
renewable resources definition
A
resources that are infinite (will not run out) so can be used over again
3
Q
is oil renewable or non-renewable
A
non-renewable
4
Q
is natural gas renewable or non-renewable
A
non-renewable
5
Q
is coal renewable or non-renewable
A
non-renewable
6
Q
is nuclear renewable or non-renewable
A
non-renewable
7
Q
is solar renewable or non-renewable
A
renewable
8
Q
is HEP renewable or non-renewable
A
renewable
9
Q
are biofuels renewable or non-renewable
A
renewable
10
Q
are tidal waves renewable or non-renewable
A
renewable
11
Q
is geothermal renewable or non-renewable
A
renewable
12
Q
is wind renewable or non-renewable
A
renewable
13
Q
how is oil obtained
A
traditional drilling and pumping methods
14
Q
how is natural gas obtained
A
it is a product of decomposed organic matter burned over time. it flows easily up wells to the surface.
15
Q
how is coal obtained
A
surface or underground mining
16
Q
how is nuclear obtained
A
created from the release of energy from nuclear reactions, usually from uranium or plutonium. byproducts are radioactive.
17
Q
advantages of using nuclear
A
small amount of fuel needed
low carbon emissions
cheap running costs
18
Q
disadvantages of using nuclear
A
nuclear waste highly radioactive
storing nuclear waste is expensive
decommissioning power stations are expensive
19
Q
how is HEP obtained
A
trap flowing water then release it under greater pressure
20
Q
how are biofuels obtained
A
manufactured from from living things or from waste
21
Q
how is tidal/wave energy produced
A
The movement of seawater in and out of a cavity on the shore compresses trapped air, driving a turbine.
22
Q
how is geothermal energy obtained
A
Cold water is pumped under ground (in a hot volcanic region) and comes out as steam. Steam can be used for heating or to power turbines creating electricity.
23
Q
how is wind obtained
A
wind turbines capture the wind, which makes the rotors spin and the movement of the blades drives a generator that creates energy.
24
Q
economic advantage of nuclear power
A
increase in curent electricity generation capacity
25
economic disadvantage of nuclaer power
high costs to start up and begin
26
social advantage of nuclear power
employment opportunitites
27
social disadvantage of nuclear power
public fear of widespread radioactive contamination
28
political advantage of nuclear power
could be part owned with another country to futhur international relations
29
political disadvantage of nuclear power
potential terrorist target
30
envrionmental advantage of nuclear power
abundant and low carbon emissions
31
environmental disadvantage of nuclear power
possible widespread radioactive contamination
32
how much oil does china use compared to the rest of the world
in 2017 it surpassed the US as the largest oil importer in the world
33
what is oil used for
energy and plastics and transport fuels
34
how many motor vehicles does china ha v
360 million in june 2020
35
how much coal based electricity has china added in the past 18 months
enough to power 31 million homes
36
can china's coal plants run all the time
no only 50% of the time
37
how much electricity from coal does china produce compared with the whole of the EU
china uses 148 GW and the EU uses 150GW
38
how much will china's coal consumption have to be reduced by by 2030
by over 40%
39
how tall is the yangtze river 3 gorges dam
over 60 stories
40
how long is the 3 gorges dam
over 2km
41
how long did it take how many workers to build the 3 gorges dam
40,000 workers over 17 years to build
42
how much power does the 3 gorges dam produce
over 20,000 mW (2x all of britains nuclear power put together)
43
how many underground powerhouses does the 3 gorges dam contain
3
44
how many people were moved so that they weren't flooded for the construction of the 3 gorges dam
over 1 million
45
energy surplus definition
if a country's energy supply exceeds its demand
46
energy deficit definition
if the energy demand exceeds supply
47
has the uk's reliance on fossil fuels decreased or increased since 1970
decreased, from a combined 91% to 50%
48
how much of the world's energy comes from non-renewable fossil fuels
86%
49
how much of the world's energy comes from renewable sources
14%
50
what are the proportions of different fossil fuels
approximately 1/3 oil, 1/3 gas, 1/3 coal
51
what proportion of the world's energy use was from renewable sources in 2015
14%
52
what are the proportions of different renewable energy sources in 2015
7% HEP
4% nuclear
3% other sources
53
what percentage of renewable electricity is wind power in 2020
50%
54
which fossil fuel is being used more than it used to be
natural gas
55
which fossil fuel is being used less than it used to be
coal
56
what is a greenhouse gas
gases that when released into the atmosphere, absorb infrared radiation thereby holding heat in the atmosphere.
57
what is acid rain
sulphur dioxide combines with water and oxygen to make sulphuric acid
58
uses of coal
electricity and steel
59
advantages of oil and gas over coal
fewer carbon dioxide emissions
no acid rain
transport via pipes
oil can be used for plastics
60
disadvantages of using oil and gas
possible oil spills
only 50 years of oil left (peak oil)
oil pipelines are potential terrorist targets
political problems of being dependent on russia/middle east for electricity
61
what does peak oil mean
we're using oil sooner than we can find it
62
which country uses the most nuclear energy
france
63
how many tonnes of nuclear fuel does a nuclear power station use per year
50 tons
64
How long does 50 tons of coal last in a coal power station
6 minutes
65
advantages of nuclear fuel
```
less carbon dioxide emissions
low running costs
uses a small amount of fuel
last longer
no acid rain
```
66
disadvantages of nuclear fuel
```
high start-up costs
fear of radioactive contamination
hard to dispose of nuclear waste
nuclear accidents e.g. Chernobyl or Fukushima
decommissioning costs
```
67
types of renewable energy
```
wind
solar
HEP
tidal
geothermal
biofuels
fuelwood
```
68
what is the cheapest form of electricity
wind power
69
what percentage of the world's power comes from HEP
7%
70
advantages of hydroelectric power
water in the dam released when electricity needed
| less carbon dioxide emissions
71
disadvantages of hydroelectric power
disruption to the environment and nearby settlements
| expensive to build
72
where do they use geothermal energy
the Philippines and Iceland
73
example of biofuel
in brazil they grow sugarcane, turn it into alcohol, then combine it with petrol for cars or grow vegetables, to make vegetable oil.
74
what is fuelwood
wood being burnt for fuel
75
advantages of fuelwood
renewable
easy to get the fuel
cheap
76
disadvantages of fuelwood
carbon dioxide emissions
deforestation
air pollution from woodsmoke
77
how much coal is in china's energy mix
65%
78
how much nuclear is in china's energy mix
5%
79
how much wind is in china's energy mix
5%
80
how much of the global energy is consumed by china
22%
81
how much of the world's oil does china use
2/3
82
arable farming
growing of crops like wheat
83
pastoral farming
raising of animals
84
horticulture
growing flowers/shrubs/trees
85
market garden
growing fruit and vegetables commercially on a small scale
86
subsistence farming
growing enough for the family or community
87
ranching
rearing of cattle
88
intensive farming
high inputs of capital and labour compared with small amount of land used. high yield.
89
extensive farming
low inputs of capital and labour compared with large amount of land used. low yield.
90
dairying
raising animals for dairy/milk
91
plantation
estate growing coffee/tobacco/sugar/fruit cultivated by resident labour
92
nomadic herding
moving seasonally to find new/good pasture to raise animals
93
shifting cultivation
farming system where land is cleared, farmed, and then deserted again until it regains its fertility.
94
nomadic farming
moving seasonally to find new/good land to grow crops
95
inputs:
factors that go into a farm
96
processes:
activities that take place on a farm to convert inputs to outputs
97
ouputs:
the products made on the farm
98
undernourished definition
not enough calories to meet basic needs
99
starvation definition
extreme form of malnutrition
100
famine definition
widespread scarcity of food, leading to undernourishment and starvation throughout the community.
101
physical causes of lack of food (5pts)
```
drought
floods
pests and disease
climate
overpopulation
```
102
economic causes of lack of food
low capital investment
| poor distribution or transport difficulties
103
political causes of lack of food
war/conflict
104
what do factory farms and market gardens require
large inputs of energy.
105
what does shifting cultivation require
good - quality soils and flat land
106
what do commercial farms require
large areas of land for machines to plough and irrigate. warmer temperatures desirable.
107
what are colder climates with poor quality soils often used for
nomadic herding
108
impacts of food shortages
```
food insecurity
famine
soil erosion
rising prices/inflation
social unrest
```
109
Examples of physical inputs for an arable farm
Seeds
Capital and machinery
Fertilisers and pesticides
110
Example of a human input for an arable farm
Labour
111
Examples of processes for an arable farm
Ploughing
Weeding
Harvesting
112
Examples of outputs for an arable farm
Wheat
| Rice
113
Physical inputs of a pastoral farm
Animals
| Gentle relief
114
Processes of a pastoral farm
Shearing
| Dairying
115
Outputs of a pastoral farm
Wool and hides
Manure
Milk
116
Where is Darfur
South Sudan
117
Darfur: human cause
Conflict since Sudan became independent in 2011, this led to displacement of 1.5 million people, and therefore a low crop yield
118
Darfur: physical (climate) cause
Only 300mm rainfall a year, plus the tropics of cancer means it is hot and dry.
119
Darfur: physical (Nile) cause
The River Nile is 1000km away which means farmers can not regularly and reliably access it for irrigation on their farms.
120
Darfur: economic collapse
Less food production and infrastructure destroyed, so there is less buying, selling and trading taking place, so unemployment rates rise and Darfur cannot progress towards becoming a MEDC
121
Darfur: Malnutrition impact
1/4 of children in Darfur have life threatening malnutrition which has long lasting health effects and unable to go to school, which will decrease the proportion of educated people in the economically active category in the future.
122
Darfur: Refugees impact
Refugees flee to neighbouring countries, unable to contribute to economy and Darfur’s emergency food aid has expanded so much, they live off 50% of their rations
123
Darfur: responses
US donated $2.7 billion
Oxfam provided food, water, sanitation
2015 peace deal signed but uneffective.
124
3 harmful effects of farming on the environment
deforestation
speeding up climate change through the release of carbon in trees and plants
chemical fertilisers contribute to climate change through greenhouse gas nitrous oxide
125
3 ways in which the author suggests we might solve the issue of food shortages
organic farming
argroecology
permaculture
126
food aid description
when poorer countries are in need of aid richer countries help by donating food
127
food aid advantages
short term relief and decreasing starvation and malnutrition rates
128
food aid disadvantages
governments may become dependent on food handouts,
| does little to solve long term problems and is usually richer countries trying to improve their food security.
129
GM crops description
to alter crops scientifically to enable them to withstand pests and diseases, droughts and salty conditions.
130
green revolution description
the process of using science to improve the cultivation of crops such as scientifically developing new types of rice that give it a higher yield.
131
subsidies
grants given by the government to support farmers
132
system
a set of inter-related parts and processes
133
what is land tenure
ownership status of the land (who owns it and how, e.g. tenant farmer, owners or nomadic)
134
what is a tenant farmer
renting the farmland
135
what is a common agricultural policy
subsidy from the EU for farmers
136
what is a cereal crop
grains e.g. oats, wheat, maize
137
how many people in the world do not have enough to eat
800 million (out of 7.5 billion)
138
what is a choropleth map
a colour coded map to show statistical data e.g. population or per capita income
139
types of malnutrition
kwashiorkor, beriberi, rickets, scurvy
140
what is a storm surge
where sea levels rise suddenly during a storm and
141
food aid organisations
United Nations and Oxfam
142
what is long term food aid
planning to prevent future food shortages
143
what is short term food aid
feeding hungry people during a food shortage/crisis
144
appropriate technology description
using technology to enhance and speed up the farming system
145
examples of appropriate technology in a LIC
small earth dams
wells
tree shelter belts to prevent wind erosion
improved food storage
146
when did the green revolution start
1930's
147
what is irrigation
giving water to crops
148
what are the types of irrigation
surface irrigation
drip irrigation
sub-surface drip irrigation
149
surface irrigation
when water moves over land by gravity and sinks through.
150
drip irrigation
regularly dropping water onto the roots of crops via pipes.
151
sub-surface drip irrigation
regularly dropping water onto the roots of crops via underground pipes
152
salination
the impacts of having to use salty water for irrigation (damaged soil)
153
primary sector definition
the extraction or growth of raw materials
154
primary sector examples
farming, forestry, fishing, mining
155
secondary sector definition
the manufacturing or processing of raw materials
156
secondary sector examples
car manufacturing, food processing, energy production
157
tertiary sector definition
providing a service for the public
158
tertiary sector examples
shop worker, teacher, doctor, nurse, entertainment
159
quaternary sector definition
research and development (providing specialist expertise)
160
quaternary sector examples
scientist, computer programmer, business consultant
161
what is an NIC
newly industrialised country
162
what is a manufacturing industry
any industry where raw materials are used and processed into something else
163
inputs
labour
| raw materials
164
processes
assembly
| packaging
165
outputs
products
| profit
166
feedback
customer feedback
| profit
167
light industry
when raw materials and final products are small in size.
less capital intensive
more labour intensive.
168
heavy industry
when raw materials and final products are large in size.
more capital intensive
less labour intensive.
169
heavy industry example
car manufacturing and steel making
170
light industry example
food and clothing manufacturing
171
hi-tech industry
creating technically advanced products
172
hi-tech industry examples
computer software and robotics
173
cottage industry
small scale business that doesn't depend on location
174
factors of location for a heavy industry (5)
accessible for transport of certain materials
countryside/urban fringe for land to expand/diversify and build on
not near homes
close to reliable electrical supply for working machines
government incentive
175
factors of location for a light industry (4)
labour supply
accessibility for transport to warehouses and workers to get there
lots of space
good communication, internet coverage
176
factors of location for a hi-tech industry
close to university for research and students (for internets etc.) and lectures.
close to other hi-tech companies, so they know the competition and share ideas.
attracting high calibre employees, so have a pleasant environment as an incentive.
177
globalisation definition
an increase in independence and interconnectedness that leads to the company (being able to) increase trade, technology and transport.
178
what is deindustrialisation
a decrease in the amount of manufacturing taking place, like in Britain.
179
why would a japanese TNC like toyota choose to locate in the UK
transport links and connections (for employees to commute and for materials to be transported)
room for expansion
pleasant environment
close to market
180
development (def)
process of change which alllows all the basic needs of a country or region to be met, thereby achieveing greater social justice and quality of life
181
measures of development
```
economically using GNP, GDP or GNI per caita.
social indicators (health, literacy/education/wellbeing)
political factors (personal freedom, freedom of speech, right to vote, freedom from discrimination and the role of disadvantaged groups in the society
```
182
development gap def
the differences between the most and least advanced countries - the HIC's and LIC's
183
north-south divide def
a socio-economic and political divide between the north and the south
184
what is multivariate analysis
measurement of a range of development variables (not just economic). used for qualitative variables that are harder to compare.
185
HDI
longetivity - life expectancy
knowledge - adult literacy rate and enrolment ratios of students in primary school throught to university level
income -
186
purchasing power parity (PPP)
gdp per person adjusted for local cost of living
187
trade blocs def
groups of countries form economic agreements and unions
188
how is HDI presented
a number
189
limitations of HDI
partially politically motivated to focus on health and development
only 3 factors
it can hide huge regional disparities
its relative not absolute
190
multidimensional poverty index
uses different fators to determine the levels of poverty and allows comparisons across countries, regions and the world, and within countries by ethnic group, urban/rural location.
191
factors that contribute to development gap (6)
```
location and physical environment
size of country in area
climate
economic policies
political stability
population policies
```
192
formal secctor def
encompassing all jobs with normal hours and regualar wages, on which income tax must be paid.
193
informal sector def
encompassing all jobs which are not recognised as normal income sources and on which taxes are not paid.
194
employment structure def
the percentage of workers in the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors in a country
195
transnatioonal corporation def
global corportations, companies or businesses with their headquarters and research development activities in one country and their factories and/or production centres in other countries.
196
economic globalisation
largely caused by the growth of transnational coorportations
197
cultural globalisation
impact of western culture/art/media/sport/leisure activities
198
political globalisation
growth of western democracies and their influence on other countries
199
global shift def
where production processes are relocated from HIC's to MIC's and LIC's
200
multiplier effect
occurs when an initial injection of money into the local, regional or national economy causes a bigger final increase in local, regional, or national wealth.
201
for a named urban area you have studied, describe the problems faced living in squatter settlements
```
Dharavi
low hygiene and sanitation:
500 share a toilet
widespread disease:
of diptheria and typhoid, there are over 4000 cases of disease related to poor sanitation.
lack of resources:
water rationed except 5:30 - 7:30 am
```
202
positive impact of a TNC locating nearby
employment
tourism
boost to local economy
203
negative impact of a TNC locating nearby
visually unappealing
traffic
destruction of land
cultural erosion
204
negatives of TNC's (generally)
```
fumes (pollution of water and air)
cheap labour - exploitation of workers
danger to lives
unsafe working conditions
deforestation
greenhouse emissions
lack of useable water
cultural erosion
```
205
hi tech industries do not need to be located in paticular areas because they don't rely on raw materials. therefore they are _______
footloose
206
toyota provide manufacturing jobs in how many countries?
67
207
where are the regional headquarters of toyota
UK, USA, Japan, Thailand
208
why are the headquarters of toyota in these locations
they locate near other TNC's for sharing of ideas and information and to know the competition
209
where is toyotas research and development sites
USA, China, Japan
210
why are toyotas research and development sites where they are
theyre near high calibre universities which means they have access to higher-skilled workers and can manage the business better or higher up the hierarchy.
211
where does most of the manufacturing and assembly take place for toyota
the uk
212
why does most of the manufacturing and assembly take place for toyota in the uk
good access to market, room to expand, government gives cheaper taxes
213
why is locating manufactuing and assembly in the uk a benefit to toyota
toyota can simultaneously improve efficency and reduce costs
214
what is the HDI
human development index
215
what goes into the HDI
life expectancy, education, and gross national income per capita
216
most LEDC's have a large proportion of their industry in the...
primary sector
217
most MEDC's have a large proportion of their industry in which sectors
tertiary and quaternary sectors
218
physical factors of location
```
site
natural transport routes
raw material availability
water supply
attractive environment
```
219
human/economic factors of location
```
labour
capital/money
markets
transport
government policies
leisure/amenities
```
220
Hi-tech industries usually locate
in a pleasant working environment
near government incentives
close to high-skilled labour (universities)
221
describe the employment in each sector in an LEDC
high primary
low secondary
increasing tertiary
222
describe the employment in each sector in an NIC
decreasing primary
increased (and now even) secondary
increasing tertiary
223
describe the employment in each sector in an MEDC
decreased primary
even secondary
increased tertiary
224
how does government policy affect industrial location
financial incentives
minimum wage
cost of land
225
how does land affect industrial location
cheap
flat
greenfield
226
for an example you have studied, describe and explain the location of an industry.
regional hq in: uk, usa, japan, thailand
-------> able to locate near other TNC's for collaboration and competition.
r&d sites in: usa, china, japan
---------> higher calibre universities for high-calibre employees
most manufacturing sites in: uk
---------> good access to market, room to expand, government gives cheaper taxes
227
describe the adv and disadv of a TNC locating there
tourism - westfield, trainstation, new leisure opportunities
employment - since opening, employed over 2500 people
traffic - heavier than before 1992, hold ups on the A38 at rush hour
228
describe the positives of a named TNC at a local and national scale
employment - employed over 2500 people
sponsorship - toyota sponsored derby country and gave them funds.
tourism - westfield shopping centre, leisure opportunities
229
explain why employment structure changes as a country develops
```
growth of tourism
rise in tertiary as education rises
industrialization
demand for services e.g medical
growth of secondary sector as technology improves
```
230
inputs, processes, outputs of a manufacturing/processing industry
```
toyota
inputs: 580 acres of land
2506 employees
processes: welding, assembly
outputs: 14,000 corollas
```
231
supply of energy to a country
china
HEP: over 20,000 mW of energy
coal: powers 31 million homes
oil: 360 million vehiclesF
232
for a named area you have sutdied, describe its attractions and explain how they have encouraged the growth of the tourist industry
GBR
biodiversity - 25% of all marine creatures
location - east of cairns, whitsundays, reef accessible to tourists. many youth hostels and bars
warm water: 18-32 degrees. lesiure activities like snorkelling and scuba diving
233
for a named country or area you have studied, describe the impacts of tourism on the natural environment
GBR
climate change - 1/2 of coral bleached in 2002
oil from ships blocks light availability and pollutes water
water pollution - 11,000 shipping movements / year
overfishing, destroys food chains and species endangerment
overfishing - only 1500 fish in GBR
234
for a named area you have studied, descibe the benefits and problems of tourism for local people
GBR
$5.5 billion made from tourism
64,000 jobs in the industry
overfishing (11,000 shipping movements / year) decreases local food availability
235
for an area you have studied where tourism is important, explain how its negative impacts are managed
GBR
different management zones: tourists and scientists can enjoy the reef while other areas heal
fishing permits: fines of up to $1 million can be fined upon companies endangering the ecosystem
75% reduction in disel a day (550l to 100l)
236
for a named country or region you have studied, describe the effect of food shortages on the people who live there
darfur
collapse of economy - less ability to trade with less food - less money flow - people poorer - unemployment - darfur stays LEDC
health: 1/4 children under 5 have long lasting effects on bones and mobility (not enough workers in future)
refugees: unable to contribute to economy so move to neigbouring country. too few to support old dependendents so rations have decreased from 72% to 50%
237
for a named country or region you have studied, explain the causes of food shortages
darfur
conflict - 1.5 million displaced - low crop yield
climate - tropic of cancer - hot and dry - less than 300mm / year
river nile - 1000 km away - little/irregular access to water - low crop yield
238
for an example of a farm or agricultural system at a named location describe the farming system
Yeo valley
400 british friesans - milking - 500mil litres / year
1000 jobs - organic gardens - holt farm tourist attrction, £300 million turnover / year
loamy soil - drainage of water and fertile soil - elephant grass (for cows, meat, eggs, vegetables)
239
for a type of farming in a named area you have studied, describe and explain the inputs which are neded
yeo valley
400 british friesan cows
1000 jobs
loamy soil
240
importance of non-renewable energy sources
easily available (abundant for n ow)
used widely
less expensive
high energy density
241
renewable energy sources advantages
low running costs (usually)
| no waste/pollution produced
242
renewable energy sources disadvantages
```
solar only happens in sunlight
wind only happens during wind
location specific
expensive (sometimes)
reuseable
uses less land
sorces not always constant
```
243
how much of the earth's water is saltwater and how much is freshwater
97% is saltwater
| 3% is freshwater
244
how much of earth's freshwater is in the form of glaciers and ice caps
just over 2/3
245
so how much of earth's water is above ground
0.3%
246
how much water is required for a day in a person's diet and lifestyle
2000-5000 litres
247
is there theoretically enough water for the world
yes but it is unevenly distributed and a large amount is not accessible
248
what is the great artesain basin in australia
the largest artesian basin in the world, and can hold 64 900 km of groundwater
249
what does an artesainbasin require
bed of porous rock absorbing precipitation
a bed of non-porous rock below and above it, preventing water percolating out, which eventually will fill open pore spaces in the rock and will become fully saturated with water, forming an aquifer
250
renewable freshwater def
suface water and groundwater resources
251
water table def
the level underground at which the rocks or soil are completely saturated with water. it forms the upper limit of groundwater, and it can go up and down based on a number of factors, including level of precipitation and rates of evapotranspiration
252
artesian basin def
this is found where the groundwater is confined or trapped in an area underground
253
what factors determine the source and amount of water flowing through an underground aquifier/groundwater system
precipitation
the location of other surface water bodies
the evapotranspiration rate
254
what is rainwater harvesting
collecting water from precipitation
| used as a supplement alongside other sources
255
what is reclaimed water
water recycled from human use
used as an important solution to reduce stress on primary water resources (like groundwater and surface water)
often used to sperate greywater from blackwater
256
recharged aquifier def
can take place either naturally, as rainwater percolates from the surface into rocks and soil underground, or artificially by humans by flooding an area and allowing the water to infiltrate into the ground and percolate down to the underground aquifier, or by injecting water underground via boreholes or wells
257
spring def
a starting point for a stream or river
258
greywater def
warer from domestic activities such as washing
259
blackwater def
water that contains human waste
260
where do LIC's and MIC's have most of the water supply used in
agriculture and fairly little in industry or domestic use
261
how much water does agriculture use
70%
262
give some techniques for maintiang a sustainable water supply in agriculture
using organic farming practices which limit the chemical substances that could contaminate water
the efficent delivery of water to crops
using micro irrigation systems
263
reasons for shortages vs surplus' of water
```
precipitation
evaporation
temperatures
type of land use
level of economic development
population density
presence of water bearing rocks or aquifers
how close people live to rivers
political decisions
```
264
for a named country you have studied, describe the methods used to supply water.
```
china
south-north water transfer project:
costing china $62 billion
45 billion m cubed water transferred
hundreds of thousands displaced
3 gorges dam:
took from 1992-2012
HEP does not produce particulate matter
Yangtze river dolphin extinct
alternatives:
wastewater recycling, sewage treatment of urban wastewater more than tripled between 1990 and 2005
drip fed irrigation over sprinkler systems would reduce the 60% wasted water used in agriculture
```
265
challenges now facing the nile basin
climate change (droughts and temperatures increase demand)
high population growth rates (high demand)
demands of faster economic growth
huge soil loss due to land degradation
wetlands increasingly threatened by land conversion
significant loss of biodiversity
risk of seawater intrusion and soil salinisation
266
country with the largest volume of freshwater available per person
iceland (1.4 million litres per person per day)
267
country with the smallest volume of freshwater available per person
kuwait (16 litres per person per day)
268
how to manage water supply
make sure broken watre pipes are mended
use reservoirs and damss in one area to transger water into large urban areas
reduce use of fertiliser on farms to increase water quality
269
managing water demand
```
drip fed irrigaton
recycle waste water
reduce domestic usage
improve irrigation techniques
growing drought-resistant crops
```
270
how to reduce water used domestically
shower not bath
turn the tap off whilst brushing your teeth
installing more efficient appliances
collecting rainwater
271
LIC ways of meeting water demand
wells
gravity fed schemes
boreholes
272
causes of soil erosion (5)
```
deforestation
overcultivation
rising populations
overgrazing
trampling of the ground by animals leading to soil compaction
```
273
processes that cause soil erosion
```
water erosion
wind erosion
over abstraction of groundwater
salination
climate change
```
274
groundwater abstraction def
the process of taking water from a ground source, either temporarily or permenantly
275
desertification def
the degradation of land in arid, semi-arid and dry, sub-humid areas
276
managing soil erosion
```
shelter belts
contour ploughing
terracing
bunding
tier or layer cropping
strip or inter cropping
```
277
mangaging desertification
drip irrigation techniques
| micro-dosing
278
urban degradation def
damage to urban physical environment, often has a detrimental effect on the health and well being of people living in these areas
279
noise contours def
lines joining places of constant noise level measured in Leq
280
most common greenhouse gases
```
carbon dioxide
methane
water vapour
chloroflurocarbons
nitrous oxide
```
281
what do greenhouse gases do
allow solar radiation to pass through them but are then very effective at trapping the outgoing long term terrestial radiation being emitted from the earth
282
enhanced greenhouse effect def
the impact on the climate from the additional heat retained due to the increased amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that humans have released into the earths atmosphere since the industrial revolution
283
global warming def
a gradual increase in the average temperture of the earths atmosphere and its oceans
284
coral bleaching def
the corals are killed and only their bleached skeletons remain
285
cause in rise of carbon dioxide
deforestation
industrialisation
emissions
melting of permafrost
286
causes in rise of methane
cattle farming
| rice fields and natural wetlands
287
causes in rise of nitrous oxide
naturally emitted by the bacteria in soils and in the oceans
| agriculture
288
impacts of global warming
rising sea levels
changing climatic patterns
more extreme weather events
289
list three activities which make global warming worse (3)
transport/cars
deforestation
cattle grazing
aviation
290
explain why many people are concerned about global warming
```
loss of habitats
loss of biodiversity
flooding of coastal areas
some areas become drier
ice caps melt
sea levels rise
some species extinct
```
