Geography EOY

Question 1

THE CRUST

Answer 1

Up to 35km thick (under the UK)

Question 2

THE MANTLE

Answer 2

About 2900km thick
Upper Mantle is hard
Lower Mantle is soft (like soft toffee)

Question 3

THE CORE

Answer 3

Iron + Nickel
INNER CORE = solid
OUTER CORE = liquid

Question 4

What is the crust under the oceans called?

Answer 4

Oceanic Crust

Question 5

What is the crust that forms the land called?

Answer 5

Continental Crust

Question 6

Which is heavier: Oceanic or continental crust?

Answer 6

Oceanic crust is heavier

Question 7

CONTINENTAL CRUST

Answer 7

Mainly granite
About 30-50km thick on average

Question 8

OCEANIC CRUST

Answer 8

Made of basalt
About 7km thick on average

Question 9

What type of landforms are under the pcean?

Answer 9

There are: Mountains, deep valleys or trenches and many active volcanos

Question 10

What do the crust and upper mantle form?

Answer 10

The lithosphere

Question 11

What is below the lithosphere?

Answer 11

The rock in the mantle is hot, soft and on the move! Currents of hot rock rise slowly, cool and sink again. The currents are called CONVECTION CURRENTS

Question 12

EARTHQUAKE

Answer 12

caused by rock suddenly shifting

Question 13

VOLCANO

Answer 13

forms when liquid rock bursts out through Earth’s hard surface

Question 14

EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANO LINES

Answer 14

tend to lie along lines
are often together
occur in the ocean as well as on land

Question 15

PLATES

Answer 15

• Earths hard outer layer is broken into big slabs
• These slabs are always moving, pushing into each other, pulling away from each other, and scraping past each other. This movement causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions along slab edges. These big slabs are called PLATES

Question 16

PLATE EXAMPLES

Answer 16

• Eurasian
• Pacific
• North American
• South American
• African

Question 17

What are plates?

Answer 17

Slabs of lithosphere

Question 18

What do the plates float on?

Answer 18

The soft hot rock below

Question 19

How do plates move?

Answer 19

They move because they’re dragged by the powerful hot currents - CONVECTION CURRENTS - in the hot soft rock

Question 20

CONSTRUCTIVE PLATES

Answer 20

The HEAVY PLATES are being PULLED APART with the help of CONVECTION CURRENTS in the SOFT ROCK below them. LIQUID ROCK or MAGMA RISES to fill the gap, through UNDERWATER VOLCANOES. It hardens to BASALT. As the plates MOVE APART the FLOOR of the atlantic ocean is getting WIDER. OVERTIME the VOLCANOES grow into MOUNTAINS. Long RIDGES of MOUNTAINS form UNDER THE WATER. The PLATE MOVEMENTS also cause EARTHQUAKES. So where plates MOVE APART under the OCEAN you get EARTHQUAKES AND MOUNTAIN RIDGES

Question 21

CONSTRUCTIVE (SIMPLIFIED)

Answer 21

Constructive - Pulls Apart - Earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains

Shield volcanoes, mid-ocean ridges, volcanic islands

Question 22

DESTRUCTIVE

Answer 22

Some plates are pushing into each other. This causes earthquakes, volcanoes and more mountains.
The oceanic plate is heavier so it gets pulled down by gravity at an ocean trench (it subducts below the continental plate). The rock grinds its way downwards, causing earthquakes. At the same time it heats up. Some rock melts, and forces its way up through the Andes to form a volcano. As the plates push into each other, some rock is also squeezed upwards

Question 23

DESTRUCTIVE (SIMPLIFIED)

Answer 23

Constructive - Push Into Each Other - Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Mountains.

Composite volcanoes, ocean trenches, mountains

Question 24

FOLD MOUNTAINS

Answer 24

As you saw, the Andes were formed by plates pushing into each other. The Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates are also pushing into each other - on land. So rock was squeezed up to form the Himalayas. The plates are still pushing so the Himalayas are growing taller. There are many earthquakes.
The Crust gets pushed and folded upwards to form a mountain range the Himalayas. The result is earthquakes in and around the Himalayas: For Example: in China and Nepal. But no rock gets pushed down and melted - so no volcanoes

Question 25

FOLD MOUNTAINS (SIMPLE)

Answer 25

Two plates push together but neither one subducts so the crust folds up forming mountains. Lots of volcanoes.

Question 26

CONSERVATIVE

Answer 26

Some plates are sliding past each other. For Example: The Pacific Plate is sliding past the North American Plate. Both move in the same direction. But the pacific plate is moving faster. The result is earthquakes - but no volcanoe! And no mountains form

Question 27

CONSERVATIVE (SIMPLER)

Answer 27

Parts of the plates get stuck, then lurch free. This causes earthquakes. But no rock gets pushed down and melted so no earthquakes. Conservative - Move Side By Side - Earthquakes

Question 28

FOCUS of the earthquake

Answer 28

the point where the waves started

Question 29

EPICENTRE of earthquake

Answer 29

point directly above it on the Earths surface

Question 30

EARTHQUAKE

Answer 30

Poweful forces push two huge masses of rock together. The rock stores up the pressure as strain energy. Suddenly the pressure gets to much and one of the masses of rock slips uowards. The stored energy is released in waves called seismic waves. They shake everything. The shaking is called an earthquake

Question 31

After an earthquake what can happen?

Answer 31

As the rock settles into a new position, there will be lots of smaller earthquakes called aftershocks

Question 32

How are earthquakes measured

Answer 32

Using seismometers They record the shaking as waves on a graph. From the graph the scientists can tell how much energy the earthquake gives out

Question 33

Shield Volcanoes

Answer 33

found at divergent plate boundaries. Basalitic Magma. High temp, low silica, low gas. Gentle sides because the lave flows for a long time before it solidifies. Less violent eruptions. No layers

Question 34

Composite Volcanoes

Answer 34

found at the boundaries of convergent plates. Where the oceanic plate subducts below the continental. Andestic magma which is lower temp bu more likely to explode when it reaches the surface. Steep sides because the lava doesn't flow far before it solidifies. Alternate layers of ash and lava. Violent eruptions but longer between them.

Question 35

AC

Answer 35

Advancend Country e.g. Switzerland, Norway, Japan

Question 36

EDC`

Answer 36

Emerging Developing Country e.g. Brazil, Japan, China

Question 37

LIDC

Answer 37

Low Income Developing Country e.g. Burundi, Chad, Haiti

Question 38

Development Indicators

Answer 38

are pieces of data used to assess and compare the level of development or well-being of countries or regions. E.g. Life expectancy, GDP per capita, literacy rate

Question 39

Weath factors

Answer 39

GEOGRPAHICAL ADVANTAGES INSTITUTIONS CULTURE

Question 40

Percentage division of WEALTH FACTORS

Answer 40

50% Institutional 20% Cultural 10% Latitude 10% Connectivity with world 10% Geological good fortune

Question 41

FAIRTRADE

Answer 41

aims to address the injustices of traditional trade practises by ensuring produces in developing countries recieve a fair price for their goods and have better working conditions