Geography Unit 4 Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
What is Confucianism
A
Beliefs deeply embedded in Chinese practices that give men a higher social status than women.
2
Q
What is China’s legal stance on homosexuality
A
Homosexuality legalised in 1997 and removed from the list of mental illnesses in 2001. Gay marriage is still illegal.
3
Q
China gender pay gap statistic
A
In 2012 women earned 60% less than men.
4
Q
How many women in China suffer some form of domestic violence.
A
25% of women suffer some form of domestic violence.
5
Q
Three Gorges Dam case study
A
Three Gorges Dam: Yangtze river, finished 2012, 1.3 million people displaced, 1200 sites of historical importance destroyed. Three Gorges Dam generates 22500 megawatts of hydroelectric power.
6
Q
China aging population statistic
A
By 2050 31% of the population will be over the age of 65.
7
Q
Fill in the gap: China has the ____ largest population in the world.
A
2nd
8
Q
What was introduced in the 1960s to support the rural economy
A
1960s - Town and Villages Enterprises (TVEs), support rural economy resulted in corruption.
9
Q
What was introduced in 1980 to support the urban economy and what effect did this have on GDP
A
1980 Deng Xiaoping - Special Economic Zones (e.g Beijing), GDP increased by 10%.
10
Q
What was introduced in 1981 to support the rural economy
A
1981 - Household Responsibility System, 15 year contact to farm land to give farmers security.
11
Q
State of SOEs in 1996
A
1996 - more than ⅓ of SOEs were operating at a loss.
12
Q
How much did China’s total energy consumption increase 2000-2005
A
70%
13
Q
When did China join the World Trade Organisation
A
China joined the World Trade Organisation in 2001.
14
Q
China GDP projected growth rate statistic
A
China has a projected GDP growth rate of 6.5%.
15
Q
Give 4 reasons why China’s growth is unsustainable
A
China’s unsustainable growth - rising wages, reliance on imported materials, costs of environmental degradation, aging population.
16
Q
The Tibetan Plateau (West) is the source for what percentage of the major rivers in China
A
The Tibetan Plateau (West) is the source of 50% of the major rivers in China.
17
Q
Precious Earth minerals statistic
A
150 of the world’s precious minerals are found in China - in 2012 China began stockpiling and putting export quotas on rare earths.
18
Q
What are the 3 main rivers in China and what direction do they flow in
A
Main 3 rivers (Yellow, Yangtze, Pearl) flow W to E providing alluvial soils.
19
Q
Environmental degredation 1990s statistic
A
1990s - 20-30 million people displaced due to environmental degradation.
20
Q
Cancer villages case study (number and example)
A
459 ‘cancer villages’ due to pollution e.g Yanglingang 11 dead since 2003.
21
Q
What was the annual cost of extreme weather 2004-8
A
£21.5 billion is the annual cost of extreme weather between 2004-8.
22
Q
What percentage of waste water recieved treatment in 2005
A
20%
23
Q
China drought aid example
A
Feb 2011 - 1 billion dollars of emergency water aid to ease drought in East (e.g Shandong).
24
Q
China flood case study
A
June 2011 - 500,000 people evacuated and 105 killed from floods in South China.
25
How many people does the Three Gorges Dam protect from flooding
10 million
26
Eco-city case study
2012 - Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city, £25 billion cost, becomes a ghost city if MNCs do not move in.
27
How many eco-cities are in China
China has 280 eco-cities (most in the world).
28
Sponge city case study
2016 - Xiamen sponge city endured Typhoon Nepartak without waterlogging.
29
Great Green wall case study
Started 1978 - Great Green Wall to reduce desert expansion and provide timber, 66 billion non-native trees planted.
30
How much area is East of the line in China compared to how many people live there
2015 - East of the line makes up 43% of the area but houses 94% of the population.
31
What percentage of lakes are polluted in China
70% of lakes are so polluted they are a danger to health.
32
In 2020 there has been a ____ loss of arable land due to environmental degradation.
25%
33
How many new coal furnaces did China open in the first 6 months of 2024
14
34
Bowl effect China case study
Luzon - a town surrounded by mountains where pollution built up (bowl effect), China plans to blow up the mountains to allow wind in.
35
How thick is polluted air over some areas of China
Up to 3km thick
36
How much are desert areas expanding each year
Up to 10,000 km2 per year (desertification: overgrazing compacts the soil -> greater runoff, also leads to dust storms e.g Beijing annually).
37
What percentage of urban groundwater is polluted in China
50-90% of urban groundwater is polluted.
38
Belt and Road initiative case study
2014 - Belt and Road initiative, made up of a ‘Belt’ - roads connecting Central Asia to Europe, and the ‘Road’ a sea link to S Asia and NE Africa. Helps develop remote W China, and connections improve energy imports.
39
When did Chairman Mao rule
1949-76
40
What was introduced in 1949 due to Mao's view of 'cradle to grave society'
1949-95 Iron rice bowl guaranteed employment but it didn't matter if you were good at your job - low productivity.
41
What were Mao's views on population size when he was in power
1950s - Mao promoted rapid population growth, larger population -> more global power.
42
Great Leap Forward case study
1958 - Mao’s ‘Great Leap Forward’ forced peasants into collective farms (people's communes) to increase production of grain and steel. It caused widespread famine and social unrest, 15-55 million people died.
43
Hukou case study
1958 - Mao introduced the hukou (residency permit), if people move they lose entitlement to housing and employment. 1990 - temporary urban hukou available.
44
Cultural Revolution case study
1966-76 - The Cultural Revolution, Red Guards were introduced as Mao encouraged students to attack anyone deemed ‘counter revolutionary’ and destroy old culture and ideas. In 1967 the Little Red Book of Maoist writings was promoted.
45
How did Mao try to improve attitudes towards women
1968 - Chairman Mao ‘women hold up half the sky’.
46
How much has the Chinese government spent trying to encourage a shift to preferences towards women.
£30 million
47
What was the first policy introduced to limit population growth
1974 - Wan Xi Shao policy (longer, later, fewer) reduced fertility rate from 5.8 in 1970 to 1.7 in 2000.
48
When did Deng Xiaoping rule
1978-89
49
China dominating Space case study
2019 - China first to land on the far side of the moon, power over rare minerals.
50
Tibet case study
2 million Tibetans have been forced into ‘socialist villages’ since 2006. State surveillance over the entire Tibtean plateau.
51
One Child Policy case study
One Child policy introduced in 1979, abolished in 2022, fertility rate fell below replacement level.
52
How did Deng Xiaoping encourage economic growth in China
1978 - Deng Xiaoping introduced the Open Door Policy to attract FDI and overcome isolation, making China a social market economy
53
What are SEZ's and give an example
Special Economic Zones are designated areas that promote foreign investment and economic growth through favorable policies and regulations e.g Pundang in Shanghai
54
How many people does China's mining industry employ
Over 10 million
55
Compare China's population size with the percentage of the world's total freshwater resources
Home to 20% of the global population, China has only 6% of the world’s total freshwater resources.
56
Glacial retreat case study in China
82% of China’s glaciers have retreated
57
Beijing drought
City experienced a 116 day drought - no rain or snowfall between October 2017 and February 2018
58
How many more males are there in China compared to females
Over 25 million
59
Three Gorges Dam impact on biodiversity
The dam damaged the habit of the already-endangered baiji dolphin and rendered them ‘functionally extinct’ at the end of 2006.
60
South-North Water Transfer Project case study China
Aims to alleviate the water shortage problem in northern China by moving water from the Yangtze River in the South through 1 500 kilometre-long canals. Expected to cost US$62 billion by completion in 2050. The project forces about 330,000 people to relocate
61
What are SOEs
State Owned Enterprises are owned, operated, and controlled by the government to serve national interests rather than just pursue profits. By the mid-1950s, most major industries (steel, coal, transport, banking, etc.) were turned into SOEs.
62
What are pyroclastic flows?
Hot, dense mixtures of ash, rock, and gas that can travel up to 100 km/h
63
What are lahars?
Ash and debris mixed with water (melted glacier ice forms jokulhlaups), travels 80 km/h.
64
What are quasi-natural earthquakes
Caused by human activity such as fracking e.g Texas, USA 2018 magnitude 4.0.
65
Give two examples of Retro-engineering
Kobe Port tower, Japan
TransAmerican Pyramid, San Francisco suffered no significant damage after a 7.1 magnitude EQ in 1989
66
What are the 4 Approaches to a disaster
fatalistic, adaption, prediction, risk sharing (insurance)
67
What are the 4 stages of the Hazard Disaster Management Cycle
response -> recovery -> mitigation -> preparedness
68
What does Park’s Disaster Response Curve show
how quality of life is impacted by a hazardous event.
69
LIC Mount Merapi, Indonesia 2010 volcanic eruption type of volcano and plate boundary, VEI and length of eruption
Strato, destructive boundary
VEI 4
36 days
70
HIC Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland 2010 volcanic eruption type of volcano and plate boundary, VEI and length of eruption
Strato, constructive mid-Atlantic ridge
VEI 4
6 days
71
LIC Haiti, Caribbean sea 2010 earthquake magnitude, type of plate boundary, focus and epicentre distances
7.0 on Richter scale
Transform strike-slip margin
Shallow focus (13 km deep)
Epicentre was 25 km from the capital, Port au Prince, where 3 million lived.
72
HIC Christchurch, New Zealand 2011 earthquake magnitude, type of plate boundary, focus and epicentre distances
6.2 on Richter scale
Hidden transform strike-slip fault line
Shallow focus (5km deep)
Epicentre was 6km away from Christchurch city where 360,000 lived.
73
LIC Indonesia 2004 tsunami - earthquake magnitude, type of plate boundary, wave height
9.0 magnitude earthquake
Destructive plate margin
Wave was up to 30m high
74
HIC Sendai, Japan 2011 tsunami - earthquake magnitude, type of plate boundary, wave height
9.0 magnitude earthquake
Destructive margin
Wave was up to 40m high
75
Social impacts of Mount Merapi, Indonesia 2010 eruption
- 353 deaths from pyroclastic flow that travelled 3km down slopes where 280,000 people lived.
- 350,000 people were made homeless.
76
Social impacts of Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland 2010 eruption
- 0 deaths, 30 injured (breathing difficulties from ash in a 30km radius).
- 800 evacuated, thousands of people stranded in other countries due to flight ban.
77
Social impacts of Haiti 2010 earthquake
- 230,000 deaths
- 80% of hospitals and 60% of schools were badly damaged.
- 1.5 million people who had lost their homes lived in 450 makeshift camps, only 3 had fresh water.
- A year on: Cholera killed 10,000 people as 500,000 people were still in camps.
78
Social impacts of Christchurch, New Zealand 2011 earthquake
- 185 people died
- Liquefaction and shaking damaged over 60% of homes, 80% of city had no electricity for 2 days.
79
Social impacts of Indonesia 2004 tsunami
- 275,000 deaths in 14 countries, 2 million displaced, 20% of population in inundated areas died.
- Lack of clean water and sanitation killed 150,000 in refugee camps.
80
Social impacts of Sendai, Japan 2011 tsunami
- 19,000 deaths, 125,000 displaced, 4% of population in inundated areas died.
- Radiation poisoning in tap water 150 miles away.
- 100,000 children separated from families as the tsunami happened in school time.
81
Economic impacts of Mount Merapi, Indonesia 2010 eruption
- Tourism went down by 60%.
- 65% crop damage resulting in a $40 million loss to the farming economy.
82
Environmental impacts of Mount Merapi, Indonesia 2010 eruption
- 900 hectares of farmland and forest destroyed.
- Ash will eventually lead to more fertile soils in the area.
83
Economic impacts of Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland 2010 eruption
- 20 cattle farms destroyed from lava flows.
- Airlines lost £30 million a day with 100,000 flights cancelled.
- Tourism fell by 6% however the following years it increased by 30%.
84
Environmental impacts of Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland 2010 eruption
- Eruption partially melted the glacier, setting off a major flood moving 2500 m3/second of water.
- 30,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide entered the atmosphere daily.
85
Economic impacts of Haiti 2010 earthquake
- 1 in 5 jobs were lost as 80% of infrastructure was destroyed.
- 19 million m3 of debris clean up created jobs.
- Damage bill was $11.5 billion.
86
Environmental impacts of Haiti 2010 earthquake
- Contamination of natural water sources by cholera and chemicals.
- Landslides damaged agricultural land.
87
Economic impacts of Christchurch, New Zealand 2011 earthquake
- $1.4 billion damage, 90% of rebuilding funds will come from the central government.
- Could no longer host the Rugby World Cup, losing tourism.
88
Environmental impacts of Christchurch, New Zealand 2011 earthquake
- 20 acres of glacier broke away creating a huge iceberg.
89
Economic impacts of Indonesia 2004 tsunami
- 60% of fishing boats in Sri Lanka were destroyed.
- 80% drop in tourism in Thailand the following year.
90
Environmental impacts of Indonesia 2004 tsunami
- 8 million liters of oil spilled in Indonesia, mangrove forests and coral reefs were destroyed.
91
Economic impacts of Sendai, Japan 2011 tsunami
- 4 ports destroyed, limiting trade (Japanese car parts not being made led to 10% fall in the stock market), radioactive waste meant USA and Europe banned food exports from the region.
- Total economic loss $235 billion.
92
Environmental impacts of Sendai, Japan 2011 tsunami
- Took until 2015 to create a barrier to contain radioactivity.
- Sand and salt water was deposited in paddy fields.
93
What were the responses to the Mount Merapi, Indonesia 2010 eruption
- 210 evacuation centres were set up in schools, churches, stadiums and government offices.
- 2,682 people were moved to new, safer houses permanently.
- An ongoing exclusion zone of 2.5 kilometres was set up, settling people in areas of lower risk.
94
What were the responses to the Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland 2010 eruption
- IMO monitored the volcano and gave locals 30-minute warning of floods by text message.
- IMO weather satellites warned Europe of tephra and advised a 6-day flight ban.
- Route 1 road was deliberately flooded to allow the jokulhlaups to reach the sea and not flood farmland, the road was then reconstructed immediately.
95
What were the responses to the Haiti 2010 earthquake
- UK Disasters Emergency Committee raised £100 million for emergency shelter and medicine.
- Businesses created in rural areas to take pressure off the overcrowded city.
- Supplies and medics took 4 days to arrive as the port was damaged.
96
What were the responses to the Christchurch, New Zealand 2011 earthquake
- Areas were zoned from green to red to classify damage and cost of repair.
- All water and sewage pipes and 80% of roads were restored within 4 months.
97
What were the responses to the Indonesia 2004 tsunami
- $7 billion in NGO aid to help with reconstruction.
- A Tsunami early warning system has been installed in the Indian Ocean costing $20 million.
98
What were the responses to the Sendai, Japan 2011 tsunami
- Japanese Meteorological Agency warned of a potential wave but many did not evacuate as they believed the tsunami walls would keep them safe (walls were replaced after with 18m high ones).
- The Japanese Red Cross received $1 billion in donations and made 30,000 relief kits.
99
What 4 factors affect the climate of a biome
Latitude, ocean currents (Gulf streams), altitude and aspect (direction it's facing).
100
What 4 factors impact ecological productivity
Temperature, moisture, nutrient availability and light.
101
What are keystone species and give an example
These species play a critical role in maintaining the health and diversity of ecosystems, influencing the structure and function of their communities e.g the kangaroo rat is responsible for dispersing seeds across the desert
102
What services are provided by ecosystems
Provisioning, regulating (hydrological cycle, carbon sequestration) and cultural services.
103
What percentage of Western medicine comes from TRF and give an example
25%
Digitalin derived from foxglove used for heart conditions.
104
What percentage of US fisheries rely on coral reefs for a part of the fish's life cycles
50%
105
What percentage of UK species are under threat of extinction
16%
106
Terrestrial biodiversity is _____ times greater than marine ecosystems.
25
107
Alien species case study
Brushtail possum was introduced to New Zealand to establish a fur trade but they now eat 21,000 tonnes of vegetation each night.
108
Mutualism case study
Cattle and the egret bird (feeds on insects on the cattle).
109
Total protection of an ecosystem example
Surtsey Island, Iceland formed in 1963 produces unique long-term information on the colonisation process of new land by plant and animal life
110
Extractive reserves example
Alto Jurua, Brazil, deforestation occurs at a lower frequency.
111
Ecotourism example and consequences
Costa Rica eco-lodges, MNCs take the jobs, unrestricted development.
112
Ex situ (captivity) conservation example
Iberian lynx, Spain, moved from Endangered list to vulnerable. Population increased from 62 mature individuals in 2001 to 648 in 2022
113
NGO’s example of how they promote support
Greenpeace often use flagship species to encourage support
114
Management of tundra areas example
Tundra areas in Canada and Russia protected by an internationally recognised programme; the Biodiversity Action Plan, designed to protect and restore threatened
species and habitats
115
Biomagnification example
Pesticides like DDT built up in the food chain led to birds e.g ospreys laying thin-shelled eggs, only just beginning to return to the UK.
116
What is The Minimum Dynamic Area (MDA)
The smallest area needed for a species to maintain itself e.g pine marten needed 230 hectares for breeding territory.
117
What percentage of the UK are covered by wetlands compared to the percentage of species they house
Wetlands make up 3% of the UK but are home to 10% of our species.
118
What percentage of the world’s wetlands were lost between 1970-2015
35%
119
What percentage of the East Anglian Fens wetlands (in East England) have been drained for arable land.
99%
120
How much UK carbon is stored in peat
3.2 billion tonnes
121
Local ecosystem example of conservation
Oxwich Burrows sand dunes - used in WWII as training areas but repaired by sand traps, planting pioneer species, goats to control invasive birch -> now 300,000 tourists per year.
122
What is the Net Primary Productivity of TRF
9000kcal/m2/yr
123
Describe the Gersmehl diagram of a TRF
Small soil and litter stores (rapid cycling and absorption and leaching), large biomass stores (high biodiversity).
124
What land area does tropical forests cover
6%
125
What fraction of the world's plant species are found in the TRF
2/3 of the worlds species
126
Deforestation case study
Amazon rainforest - 17,500 km2 per year
127
Name 3 threats to TRF
80% of deforestation is for cattle ranches, palm oil, logging,
Opencast mining for coltan (used in mobile phones) in the Democratic Republic of Congo has lost almost 9% of the rainforest cover since 2000.
17% of the original Amazon rainforest has been lost.
128
What percentage of the ocean floor do coral reefs cover compared to the percentage of marine species they support
Cover less than 0.1% of the ocean floor, support 25% of all marine species.
129
Where is the Arctic tundra found
At latitudes of 70 degrees North e.g Alaska, Greenland.
130
Describe the Arctic tundra growing season
50-60 day growing season -> plants can only grow up to 30cm.
131
What temperatures does the Arctic tundra experience and how does this impact decomposition
Temperatures range 10 to -35 degrees celsius, slow nutrient cycling, few saprophytes
132
What rainfall does the Arctic tundra experience
Annual precipitation of less than 150mm -> plants grow adjacent to rivers for water.
133
What percentage of the worlds land area is Arctic tundra
20%
134
Define permafrost
Ground that remains at or below 0 degrees for at least 2 consecutive years therefore no deep rooted vegetation.
135
Define gleying in soils
Waterlogging and reduction of iron in soils which create anaerobic conditions.
136
Describe the Gersmehl diagram of the Arctic tundra
Small litter store (slow decomposition), soil formation inhibited by low temperatures, few birds and mammals live year round.
137
How many moss and lichen species are found in the Arctic tundra
Contains 600 moss species and 2000 lichen species.
138
Give 2 examples of animals adaptations to living in the Arctic tundra
Arctic fox changes colour in winter to blend in, muskox has 2 insulating fur layers.
139
Why is the tundra a ‘stressed’ biome
Extreme climate and short, sensitive food chain.
140
The Arctic is warming at a rate of almost _____ the global average.
Twice
141
Mineral exploitation example
Norilsk Nickel, Russia, all vegetation dead within 8 km radius, 2023 legislation - must cut emissions by 75% or risk financial penalties
142
Issues of tourism in tundra ecosystems
Tourism e.g ski resorts, takes up to 75 years for vegetation to return after being damaged. A Special Code of Conduct for the Arctic Coasts is certification tour operators often don’t get.
143
Indigenous populations case study
Gwitchin in N Canada, hunt Caribou, no longer nomadic, use rifles instead of traditional bows and arrows, use snowmobiles rather than sledges, local gravel quarry offers alternative employment.
144
Ivvavik National park, Canada case study
Indigenous people opposed mining exploration by offering the land to the government to be made a National park in 1984.
