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GEOGRAPHY > Geomorphology Term 2 > Flashcards

Geomorphology Term 2 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

What are the four main layers of the Earth

A

Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core

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2
Q

What is the Earth’s crust made of?

A

Solid rock – includes continental and oceanic crust

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3
Q

Which layer lies directly beneath the crust?

A

The mantle

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4
Q

What is the mantle made of?

A

Semi-solid rock that flows slowly (like putty)

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5
Q

What causes the tectonic plates to move?

A

Convection currents in the mantle

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6
Q

What is the outer core made of?

A

Liquid iron and nickel

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7
Q

Which layer is responsible for Earth’s magnetic field?

A

The outer core (The movement of this molten iron and nickel creates electric currents, which in turn generate the magnetic field. )

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8
Q

Why is the inner core solid despite being so hot?

A

Heat wants to melt the core.

Pressure forces it to stay solid

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9
Q

How thick is the crust

A

6-90km thick

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10
Q

How thick is the mantle

A

2900km thick

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11
Q

How thick is the outer core

A

2000km

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12
Q

Inner core how thick

A

1200km thick

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13
Q

What is Moho

A

The boundary that separates the crust from the mantle

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14
Q

How much temperature can the mantle reach

A

5000 degrees Celsius

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15
Q

What are the three main classifications of rocks?

A

Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic rocks

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16
Q

How are igneous rocks formed?

A

They form from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.

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17
Q

What does deep cooling of igneous rocks result to

A

Crystals formtion

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18
Q

What are the two types of igneous rocks?

A

Intrusive (formed inside the Earth) and Extrusive (formed on the surface).

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19
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

From the compaction and cementation of sediments like sand, silt, and clay.

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20
Q

Name one common sedimentary rock.

A

Sandstone or limestone.

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21
Q

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

A

From existing rocks that change due to heat and pressure.

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22
Q

What is an example of a metamorphic rock

A

Marble (from limestone) or slate (from shale

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23
Q

What is the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks?

A

Intrusive rocks cool slowly inside the Earth, forming large crystals; extrusive rocks cool quickly on the surface, forming small or no crystals.

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24
Q

Sandstone become

A

Quartzite

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25
Granite becomes
Gneisis
26
Shale becomes
Hornfel
27
Limestone becomes
Marbles
28
Definition of strata
The horizontal layer of sedimentary rocks
29
What is fossil
Remains of dead plants or animals which have been preserved in rocks
30
What does the Plate Tectonic Theory explain
It explains the movement of Earth's lithospheric plates and how this movement causes earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation.
31
Who proposed the idea that led to Plate Tectonic Theory?
Alfred Wegener, with his theory of continental drift in 1912.
32
What is continental drift?
The idea that continents were once joined and have since drifted apart.
33
What evidence supports Plate Tectonic Theory?
Fossil distribution, rock formations, puzzle-like fit of continents, and sea-floor spreading.
34
How does sea-floor spreading support Plate Tectonic Theory?
New crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and pushes older crust away, showing plates are moving
35
What is the lithosphere made of?
The crust and uppermost part of the mantle; it is broken into tectonic plates.
36
Front
Back
37
What are the three main types of plate boundaries?
Convergent, Divergent, and Transform boundaries.
38
What happens at a convergent boundary?
Plates move towards each other, one plate is forced beneath the other ino the mantle and melts
39
What happens at a divergent boundary?
Plates move apart, and new crust forms (e.g., mid-ocean ridges).
40
Give an example of a divergent boundary.
Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
41
What happens at a transform boundary?
Plates slide past each other, causing earthquakes.
42
Which type of boundary is associated with the most powerful earthquakes?
Transform boundaries.
43
Which type of boundary can create volcanoes?
Convergent (especially oceanic-continental) and divergent boundaries.
44
What is a subduction zone?
A region where one tectonic plate sinks beneath another, usually at a convergent boundary.
45
Name the large land that existed 250 millions years ago
Pangea
46
Name the two landmass found in the north and south respectively when this large landmass split
North-Laurasie South-Gondwana
47
Present day continents that used to be part of Gondwanaland
S Amreica,Africa,India,Australia,Antarctica
48
Present day continents that used to be part of Laurasie
America, Asia
49
What is a tectonic plate
Section of the Earths crust that can move on the mantle
50
Briefly explain how the continents move
due to the process of plate tectonics, where massive slabs of Earth's crust and upper mantle, called tectonic plates, interact and shift over time
51
Front
Back
52
What is folding?
The bending of rock layers due to compressional forces.
53
What is faulting?
The breaking and displacement of rocks along a crack or fracture.
54
What causes folding?
Compressional forces from tectonic plate movement.
55
What causes faulting?
Tensional or compressional forces that exceed the rock’s strength.
56
Name two types of folds.
Anticlines and synclines.
57
What is an anticline?
An upward arching fold in rock layers.
58
What is a syncline?
A downward, trough-like fold in rock layers.
59
Name the three main types of faults.
Normal fault, reverse fault, and strike-slip fault.
60
What is a reverse fault?
A fault where the hanging wall moves up due to compression.
61
Transform fault
A fault where rocks move horizontally past each other.
62
How do fold mountains form?
From the compression of crustal plates that forces rock layers to fold upward.
63
Symmetrical fault
Equal pressure from both sides
64
Asymmetrical folding
Pressure greater from one side.Fold leans to one side
65
Over fold fold
Pressure even greater on one side.One limb very steep
66
Over thrust fold
Pressure from one side results in a break in the Earths crust
67
Horst in faults
A horst is form when blocks of land are pushed upwards between two normal faults
68
Graben in fault
A elongated area of the Earths crust that has dropped down relative to the surrounding areas,forming a trough or valley

GEOGRAPHY (7 decks)

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