GI 03

Question 1

What is Norovirus

Answer 1

Single-stranded, RNA virus.

Question 2

Norovirus can cause death if patient is

Answer 2

immunocompromised.

Question 3

What is the proportion of acute gastritis by Norovirus

Answer 3

20-60 %

Question 4

What other virus is similar to Norovirus and causes co-infection with it?

Answer 4

Sapovirus

Can get co-infection with norovirus.

Question 5

How Norovirus transmitted?

Answer 5

Direct person to person.
Highly contagious found in a cruise ship.
Contaminated food and water.
And elderly health care settings.

Question 6

What are the symptoms caused by Norovirus

Answer 6

Asymptomatic some times. Sudden diarrhea, vomiting, fever.

Question 7

DO we need to treat Norovirus ?

Answer 7

It is self limiting

Rehydration needed.

Question 8

Mechanism of how Norovirus access to the human body?

Answer 8

Cross intestinal epithelial barrier and infect dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells.

Question 9

How to prevent Norovirus ?

Answer 9

First Isolate the patients

Disinfects everything with chlorine products.

Question 10

Why we can not make vaccine for Norovirus

Answer 10

Can not grow in the lab
Do not understand pathogenesis
Highly diverse

Question 11

Does Rotavirus double stranded?

Answer 11

Non enveloped RNA, double stranded

Question 12

What is the most single cause of infant gastroenteritis?

Answer 12

Rotavirus

Can cause death and the rate is higher in developing countries than in developed countries.

Question 13

How rotavirus transmission occour ?

Answer 13

Stable in environment

contaminated food and water.

Question 14

Clinical features of Rotavirus?

Answer 14

Vomiting 1-2 days

Watery diarrhoea

Question 15

For infant the biggest problem with rotavirus is

Answer 15

Diarrhoea and vomiting,

as a result, cause dehydration. Infants dehydrate very quickly because they do not have the reserves the adults do.

Question 16

What is the Mechanism of invasion by rotavirus

Answer 16

Virus infects and replicate in intestinal villi as a result death of enterocytes.

Toxins NSP4 release 5HT(Hydroxytryptamine)=> stimulate enteric nervous system=> Increased gut motility and secretion of NaCl and water. Activation of vomiting cntre in the brain.

Cause also Fever as they release of endogenous pyrogens IL-6 and TNF

Question 17

During making the Rotavirus vaccine, the researcher identified that RV does not only acute Neonatal enterocolitis but also

Answer 17

Extraintestinal disease, I .e.Neurological disease Coeliac disease, and other inflammatory diseases.
So it is more than acute gastroenteritis.

Question 18

Does Rotavirus has vaccine ?

Answer 18

Rehydration
Vaccine introduced In 2014
Hyperimmune bovine colostrum (Cow first antibody milk )

Question 19

How we can treat kids infected with Rotavirus?

Answer 19

Breast feeding can be helpful for preventing this virus for kids

Strict hygiene

Question 20

What will happen if we use Rotavirus Live oral vaccine

Answer 20

Some still live viruses will be shed after the first oral vaccination as a result the kids will be pooping out some viruses in the environment.

Question 21

What is the family of Enteroviruses?

Answer 21

They are RNA viruses
Family is Picornoviridae
Picornoviridae has 89 enterovirus serotypes and 64 are human pathogens.

Question 22

What is the way of Transmission of Enteroviruses

Answer 22

By respiratory and oral route

Question 23

Mechanism of Enteroviruses?

Answer 23

Infects in GI and spread systemically

Question 24

How Poliovirus Transmission?

Answer 24

Oral and Feces

Human host only

Question 25

VAPP abbreviation is?

Answer 25

Vaccine Associated Paralytic Polio

Question 26

How Poliovirus affects in the human body

Answer 26

Infects in GI and replicate Spread to lymphoid tissue and replicate Invasion into Blood and Penetrate of BBB and target motor neurons and cause paralysis.

Question 27

What do we need to do to get rid of polio?

Answer 27

2 Vaccines | Live attenuated oral vaccine and Inactivated Polio vaccine (IPV)

Question 28

What is the problem of using OPV (Oral polio vaccine)?

Answer 28

Vaccine strain is shed post-vaccination. Have been reported some diseases caused by VAPP in low immunization rate countries. Issues with environmental reservoir, So what people do is, first take Live attenuated oral vaccine OPV to everyone immune to reduce the disease rates down. And then they switch into the Inactivated polio vaccine.

Question 29

When NZ shifted OPV to IPV Poliovirus vaccine

Answer 29

2002

Question 30

How many dosage required for Polio vaccine ?Is it safe for pregnency?

Answer 30

3 dosage required Safe in pregnancy and breast feeding

Question 31

What is Cryptosporidium

Answer 31

It is a protozoa

Question 32

Transmission of Cryptosporidium

Answer 32

1-12 days incubation period | By animal and human specially water in swimming pools

Question 33

f

Answer 33

f

Question 34

What are the symptoms of cryptosporidium protozoa ?

Answer 34

Diarrhoea 1-2 weeks Stomach pain, nausea. Any patients with HIV and AIDS may develop severe disease by this cryptosporidium.

Question 35

Treatment options for cryptosporidium ?

Answer 35

Mild so not treatment required | Nitrazoxadine can be helpful for oral treatment

Question 36

What is Giardia lamblia ?

Answer 36

protozoa

Question 37

Transmission Giardia lamblia?

Answer 37

Faecal and oral transmission of cysts.by sex

Question 38

Giardia lamblia Diagnosis can be done

Answer 38

By microscopy for cysts or DNA or antigen test Immune system (Th 17 and B cells) develops and cure automatically.

Question 39

How its affects Giardia lamblia

Answer 39

Infects in the gut epithelium=> Villi shortening, Malabsorption and diarrhoea

Question 40

What are the symptoms of Giardia lamblia ?

Answer 40

Weight loss, Diarrhoea, Temporary lactase deficiency.

Question 41

Giardia treatment

Answer 41

3 times daily for one week Metronidazole