GI 1

Question 1

What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?

Answer 1

Right hypochondriac region
Epigastric region
Left hypochondriac region 
Right lumbar region
Umbilical region 
Left lumbar region
Right inguinal region
Hypogastric region 
Left inguinal region

Question 2

What is found in the oral cavity?

Answer 2

Cheeks (buccal region)
Palate 
Uvula
Teeth
Tongue

Question 3

What is the function of salivary glands?

Answer 3

To help with break down of food and lubrification

N.b. Increased secretion of salivary glands in presence of food

Question 4

What are the main salivary glands?

Answer 4

• parotid gland
• submandibular
• sublingual

Question 5

What is the pharynx?

Answer 5

Funnel shaped tube from the posterior nasal opening down to cricoid cartilage

Skeletal muscle lined with mucous membrane

Question 6

What are the components of the pharynx?

Answer 6

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Question 7

Where is the oesophagus found?

Answer 7

The oesophagus begins in the laryngopharynx at C6 and extends down to T11

Question 8

What is the oesophagus?

Answer 8

Muscular tube which expands with food bolus

20-40 cm long, 1- 2 cm wide

Question 9

What are the two layers of the oesophagus? What is their function?

Answer 9

Outer longitudinal & inner circular

Function: peristalsis

Question 10

At what level the food enters the stomach?

Answer 10

T10/T11

Question 11

How does food leave enters the stomach?

Answer 11

by passing through the abdominal hiatus of the diaphragm then through the lower oesophageal sphincter(T10/T11)

Question 12

What are the parts of the stomach?

Answer 12

Cardia
Fungus
Body 
Pylorus 
Greater curvature 
Lesser curvature 

+ internal folds:rugae

Question 13

What are the 3 layers of the stomach?

Answer 13

• outer longitudinal
• middle circular
• inner oblique

Question 14

What is the function of rugae in stomach?

Answer 14

to allow for expansion of the stomach

Question 15

What is the Duodenum?

Answer 15

C showed first part of the small bowel

25 cm long

Question 16

Where is the Duodenum located?

Answer 16

Sits around the head of the pancreas

Question 17

What are the 4parts of the Duodenum?

Answer 17

superior, descending, inferior and ascending

Question 18

What is the function of the major duodenal papilla?

Answer 18

The major duodenal papilla is an opening of the pancreatic duct into the duodenum

It is the primary mechanism for the secretion of bile and other enzymes that facilitate digestion

Question 19

What is the function of the minor duodenal papilla?

Answer 19

The minor duodenal papilla is the opening of the accessory pancreatic duct into the descending second section of the duodenum

It is is the prime duct for drainage of the pancreas,

Question 20

Where is the pancreas located?

Answer 20

Posterior to the stomach

Extends from duodenum to the spleen

Question 21

What functions does the pancreas have?

Answer 21

Exocrine and endocrine functIons

Question 22

Why does the pancreas secrete pancreatic juices?

Answer 22

secretes pancreatic juice that contains digestive enzymes that assist the absorption of nutrients and digestion in the small intestine. These enzymes help to further break down the carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in the chyme.

Question 23

What are the 5 parts of the pancreas?

Answer 23

Head 
Uncinate process
Neck 
Body 
Tail

Question 24

Where is the pancreatic duct located?

Answer 24

Runs through pancreas and joins with common bile duct in the lower head of pancreas

Question 25

What is the liver?

Answer 25

Largest visceral organ

Question 26

Where is the liver located?

Answer 26

The liver is located in the upper right-hand portion of the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm, and on top of the stomach, right kidney, and intestines.

Question 27

What are the 2 surfaces of the liver?

Answer 27

Diaphragmatic: lies against the inferior surface of the diaphragm Visceral: covered with visceral peritoneum ( except at: fossa for gallbladder & porta hepatis)

Question 28

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

Answer 28

Right lobe Left lobe Quadrate lobe (inferior to right lobe) Caudate lobe ( btw right and left lobe in superior location)

Question 29

What is the gall bladder?

Answer 29

The gallbladder is a pear-shaped sac lying on the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver in a fossa between the right and quadrate lobes Connected to liver through biliary tree

Question 30

What are the 4 regions of the gall bladder?

Answer 30

Fundus Body (Infundubilum) Neck Cystic duct

Question 31

What is the biliary tree?

Answer 31

The biliary tree is a system of vessels that directs secretions from the liver, gallbladder and pancreas through a series of ducts into the duodenum. The exit hole into the duodenum is called the papilla of Vater.

Question 32

What is the spleen?

Answer 32

Is a lymphatic tissue

Question 33

Where is the spleen located?

Answer 33

Lies in the left upper quadrant between ribs 9 and 11

Question 34

What are the 2 surfaces of the spleen?

Answer 34

Costal surface: diaphragm | Visceral surface: stomach, left kidney and splenic flexure

Question 35

What structure of the spleen contains splenic vessels and lymphatic?

Answer 35

The hilum

Question 36

What are the functions of the spleen?

Answer 36

Immune response Blood filtration Storage

Question 37

What is the histology of the oral cavity?

Answer 37

Stratified squamous epithelium, taste buds (papillae), mucous secreting glands

Question 38

What is the histology of the oesophagus?

Answer 38

Stratified squamous epithelium, 2 muscular layers, mucous secreting glands

Question 39

What is the histology of the stomach?

Answer 39

Simple columnar epithelium, 3 layers, pits, mucous, secreting cells, acid and enzyme secreting cells

Question 40

What is the histology of the duodenum?

Answer 40

Simple columnar cells with globes cells, villi, crypts

Question 41

What is the blood supply for the foregut?

Answer 41

Coeliac trunk

Question 42

What organs make the foregut?

Answer 42

``` Oesophagus Spleen Stomach Liver Gall bladder Pancreas 1st and 2nd part of duodenum ```

Question 43

What is the blood supply for the midgut?

Answer 43

Superior mesenteric artery

Question 44

What organs are part of the midgut?

Answer 44

``` 3rd and 4th part of duodenum Jejenum Ileum Appendix Ascending colon Caecum Proximal 2/3 of transverse colon ```

Question 45

What is the blood supply for the hindgut?

Answer 45

Inferior mesenteric artery

Question 46

What organs are part of the hindgut?

Answer 46

``` Distal 1/3 of transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Upper snake canal Urogenital sinus ```

Question 47

What branches of the abdominal aorta supply blood to GI tract?

Answer 47

Coeliac trunk Superior mesenteric artery Inferior mesenteric artery

Question 48

What are the 3 regions of the GI tract?

Answer 48

Foregut Midgut Hindgut

Question 49

What level do the 3 main branches of the abdominal aorta arise from fonte aorta?

Answer 49

Coeliac trunk - superior Superior mesenteric a- superior (ristarlo to coeliac trunk origin ) Inferior mesenteric a- inferior (caudal to coeliac trunk origin)

Question 50

What are the branches of the coeliac trunk?

Answer 50

Gastric arteries: right and left Common hepatic artery ( becomes proper hepatic+ divides into : R hepatic & L hepatic) Splenic artery

Question 51

What is unique about the splenic artery?

Answer 51

Supplies oxygenated blood to spleen