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GI BLOCK > Physiology: Basic Nutrition > Flashcards

Physiology: Basic Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need to eat?

A

Maintenance of the body
–repair
–growth
–function

ESSENTIAL nutrients:

not made by the body.
Need to be part of the diet
• Amino Acids
•Fatty acids
•Vitamins
•Minerals
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2
Q

What are the Macronutrient requirements?

A

50% carbohydrates

35% fats

15% proteins

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3
Q

What is the definition of metabolism?

A

chemical reaction taking place within the body, allowing the release of energy for further processes: repair, growth and function.

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4
Q

All reactions are either?

A

CATABOLIC or ANABOLIC

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5
Q

What is Catabolism?

A

breakdown of complex molecules to release energy (exergonic)

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6
Q

What is Anabplism?

A

building of complex molecules, requires energy (endergonic)

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7
Q

What is the role of Adenosine trio phosphate (ATP)?

A

transfers energy to enable reactions

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8
Q

What is the formula for ATP in Anabolic reactions?

A

ATP → ADP + P + energy

Energy used to build complex molecules

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9
Q

What is the formula for ATP I’m Catabolic reactions?

A

Catabolic:
ADP + P → ATP + heat
Molecules broken down for oxidation (energy release) or reused in anabolism

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10
Q

How many ways is Glucose used as?

A
  1. As an immediate energy source - either aerobic or anaerobic metabolism
  2. Synthesis of amino acids (occurs in many cell types)
  3. Synthesis of glycogen for storage (mainly hepatocytes and muscle cells)
  4. Formation of triglycerides (formed in hepatocytes, stored in adipose tissue
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11
Q

Where are monosaccharides converted into glucose?

A

Hepatocytes- liver cells

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12
Q

What reaction do monosaccharides undergo? And where?

A

aerobic and anaerobic will both produce energy : different amounts and speeds. Feeds the electron transport chain for the production of ATP

Mitochondria

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13
Q

What does ATP production depend on?

A

ATP production will depend on the activity and resources available.

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14
Q

How much ATP is produced in the Anaerobic pathway?

A

2 ATP

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15
Q

How much ATP is produced in the Aerobic pathway?

A

36-38 ATP in total

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16
Q

What is Glycogenesis?

A

Making of glycogen for glucose from the blood (energy control)

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17
Q

What is glycogenolysis ?

A

The breaking of glycogen for glucose into the blood

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18
Q

What happens in the absence of insulin?

A

Glycogen is broken down into glucose in the absence of insulin (and the presence of glucagon) to increase blood glucose level

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19
Q

What happens in the presence of Insulin?

A

stimulation of hepatocytes and skeletal muscle cells by insulin to convert glucose into glycogen

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20
Q

What is Gluconeogeesis?

A

Glucose production from protein or fat rather than carbohydrates

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21
Q

What activates Gluconeogenesis?

A

Starvation
Low carb diets
Endocrine disorder i.e. hyperthyroidism
Endurance exercise

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22
Q

What regulates Gluconeogenesis?

A

Cortisol and pancreatic glucagon relationship to stress. Increase in glucose availability to facilitate

23
Q

What are hepatocytes?

A

Liver cells that converts triglycerides, lactic acid and amino acid into glucose

24
Q

How is lactic acid produced?

A

by anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism is slowly converted back to glucose via pyruvic acid (Reduction reaction adding H+).

25
Q

How do lipids get through the lymphatic system?

A

Diffuse across cell membranes into the lymphatic system. No energy required

26
Q

Why are lipids oxidised?

A

To produce ATP

27
Q

What is the role of fatty acids?

A

Used to synthesise triglycerides and phospholipids or catabolism to generate ATP

28
Q

What is the role of triglycerides?

A

Protection
Insulation
Energy storage

29
Q

What is the role of phospholipids?

A

Cell membrane

30
Q

What are steroids?

A 
Cholesterol
Bile salts
Vitamin D 
Adrenocortical hormones 
Sex hormones
31
Q

What is the role of cholesterol?

A

Component of all animal cell membranes

32
Q

What is the role of sex hormones?

A

Reproductive functions

33
Q

What is the role of Eicosanoids ?

A

Modify response to hormones

34
Q

What are Eicosanoids?

A

Prostaglandins

Leukotrienes

35
Q

Define lipolysis

A

Triglycerides break down into fatty acids and glycerol

36
Q

Fatty acids produce more ATP than glycerol in the Krebs cycle,

True or False

A

True

37
Q

Define lipogenesis

A

Excess carbohydrates, proteins and fats are stored as triglyceride

38
Q

Fatty acids from glucose and protein can also be turned into lipoproteins, phospholipids and cholesterol

True or false?

A

True

39
Q

What increases Lipolysis?

A

Lipolysis is increased as a result of increased levels of hormones adrenalin, noradrenalin and cortisol

40
Q

When does Lipogenesis increase?

A

When blood levels of insulin increase

41
Q

Amino acids are transported from the GI by active transport

True or false

A

True

42
Q

What stimulates Anabolism with proteins?

A

Anabolism is stimulated by Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs), Thyroid Hormones, Insulin, Oestrogen, Testosterone

43
Q

What stimulates protein catabolism?

A

By cortisol

44
Q

What is the result of protein catabolism?

A

Proteins are catabolised (broken down) into αα used for growth and repair

αα can’t be stored, so some excess are used for ATP through Kreb’s cycle

45
Q

What is Ketosis?

A

where energy comes from the breakdown of ketone bodies.
•Sign of diabetes or low carb diet
•Characterised by acidic breath from the metabolically inert aceton

46
Q

What is ketone is?

A

Ketone bodies are detected in blood

47
Q

Nutrition requirements for a healthy diet?

A 
Energy: 8,400 kJ/2,000kcal.
Total fat: less than 70g.
Saturates: less than 20g.
Carbohydrate: at least 260g.
Total sugars: 90g.
Protein: 50g.
Salt: less than 6g.
48
Q

Micronutrients are required as co-enzymes, antioxidants, components of crucial enzymes

True or false?

A

True

49
Q

Absence or lack of micronutrients causes severe medical problems

True or false?

A

True

50
Q

Different diets come with their own health considerations

True or false?

A

True

51
Q

Role of Vitamins?

A

■Excess watersoluble vitamins are lost in urine
■Required as co-enzymes to facilitate metabolism
■Involved in protein synthesis
■Blood cell production and clotting
■RNA and DNA production
■Antioxidants
■Growth of bones and teeth (regulation of cells and Ca++ absorption)
■Wound healing
■Cell growth

52
Q

In order to lose fat mass you need to expend more than you consume

True or false

A

True

53
Q

You might NOT lose fat mass with physical activity alone

True or false?

A

True

GI BLOCK (13 decks)

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