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Anatomy > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

Where would you insert a needle for paracentesis?

A

Lateral to the rectus sheath

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2
Q

Why must you insert the needle in paracentesis lateral to the rectus sheath?

A

To avoid the inferior epigastric vessels

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3
Q

Which artery does the inferior epigastric artery arise from?

A

The external illiac artery (just medial to the deep inguinal ring)

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4
Q

What is a condensation?

A

Double layers of peritoneum that attach organs to each other or to the abdominal wall

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5
Q

What attaches the liver to the anterior abdo wall?

A

Falciform ligament

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6
Q

Where does the lesser omentum attach?

A

Stomach to liver

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7
Q

Where does the greater omentum attach?

A

Stomach to transverse colon

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8
Q

How does the greater sac communicate with the lesser sac?

A

Through the omental foramen

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9
Q

What is the other name for the lesser sac?

A

Omental bursa

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10
Q

Where is the portal triad?

A

Within the free edge of the lesser omentum

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11
Q

What are the pouches in the male?

A

Retrovesical

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12
Q

What are the pouches in the female?

A 
Uterovesical 
Rectouterine (pouch of douglas)
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13
Q

Where do sympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord in to supply the abdominal organs

A

T5 to L2

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14
Q

What happens to sympathetic nerves in the abdomen in the sympathetic chain?

A

Do not synapse

Enter the abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves

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15
Q

Where so sympathetci nerves fibres synapse for the abdo organs?

A

Prevertebral ganglia which are anterior to the aorta at the exit point of the major branches of the abdo aorta

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16
Q

How do the sympathetic nerve fibres reach the abdo organs?

A

Postsynaptic nerve fibres pass from prevertebral ganglia onto the surface of the artrial branches leaving the aorta.
In the periarterial plexus they ‘travel along’ the arteries to the organs

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17
Q

How is the adrenal gland nerve supply unique?

A

Thes sympathertic nerves leave the spinal cord in the adominopelvic splanchnic at T10-L1 but they do not synpase at the prevertebral ganglia. Instead they travel along the periarterial plexus and synapse directly onto the organ

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18
Q

How do parasympathetic nerve fibres reach the abdo organs?

A

Cranial nerve X
Travel towards and into the periarterial plexis.
Carried to argans, synsapse in the ganglia

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19
Q

Where does the vagus nerve supply up to in the GI tract

A

Distal end of the transverse colon

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20
Q

What supplies the descending colon and anal canal parasympathetically

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2, 3, 4)

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21
Q

Where do visceral afferents from the foregut enter the spinal cord?

A

T6, -T9

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22
Q

Where do visceral afferents enter the spinal cord from the midgut organs

A

T8-T12

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23
Q

Where do visceral afferents from teh hingut organs enter the spinal cord?

A

T10-L2

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24
Q

What group of nerves supplies the body wall of the abdomen?

A

Thoracoabdominal nerves

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25
Q

How do the thoracoabdominal nerves arise?

A

7th to 11th intercostal nerves travel anteriorly and then their terminal branches leave the intercostal spaces between the internal oblique and transversus abdominus

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26
Q

Name the three thoracoabdominal nerves

A

Subcostal (T12)
Iliohypogastric (L1 first half)
Ilioinguinal (L1 second half)
All anterior ramuses

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27
Q

What is the other name for jaundice?

A

Icterus

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28
Q

Where does the breakdown of redblood cells occur?

A

Spleen

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29
Q

What is in the portal triad?

A

Common bile duct
Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein

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30
Q

Which ribs could result in piercing the sleen?

A

Ribs 9-11

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31
Q

Which arteries run along the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

Right and left gastro omental

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32
Q

How many functional segments are in the liver?

A

eight

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33
Q

How many anatomical lobes are in the liver?

A

Four

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34
Q

What is morrison’s pouch?

A

Hepatorenal recess

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35
Q

How does the liver attach to the diaphragm?

A

Coronary ligaments

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36
Q

What is tehe man of the ligament which is a remnant fot he embryoogical umbilical vein

A

Ligamentum teres

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37
Q

What vein drains the blood from the foregut structures to the hepatic portal vein?

A

Splenic vein

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38
Q

How do the hindgut structures drain to the liver?

A

From the inferior mesenteric vein to the splenic vein

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39
Q

How does the blood from midgut organs drain to the liver?

A

From the superior mesenteric vein to the hepatic portal cein

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40
Q

What artery supplies the gall bladder?

A

Cystic artery

41
Q

What artery is the cystic artery a branch of?

A

Right hepatic artery (in most people)

42
Q

What aspect of the liver does the gallbladder lie on?

A

POsterior

43
Q

What level of the spinal cord do visceral afferents from the gallbladder enter?

A

T6-T9

44
Q

What is the name of the process in the head of the pancreas?

A

the uncinate process

45
Q

What organ surround the pancreas in a C shape?

A

Duodenum

46
Q

Where is the uncinate process?

A

Lies posterior to the superior mesenteric vessels

47
Q

How many parts are there of the duodenum?

A

four

48
Q

Name the four parts of the duodenum and say whether they are intra or retroperitoneal/

A

Superior- part intraperitoneal
Descending (retroperitoneal)
Horizontal (retro)
Ascending (retro)

49
Q

what is the very first intra peritoneal part of the duodenun called

A

the duodenal cap

50
Q

What is the name of the highly folded mucosa in the jejunum?

A

Plicae circularis

51
Q

What are the specialised lymphatic vessels of the small interstine called?

A

Lacteals

52
Q

What organs do the lumbar lymph nodes drain?

A

Kidneys, post abdo wall, pelvis and lower limbs

53
Q

Which parts of the colon are retroperitoneal?

A

Ascending and descending

54
Q

Which flecture usually lies more superiorly?

A

Splenic

55
Q

Name the three distinct longitudinal muscles in the colon?

A

Teniae coli

56
Q

What is the name of the junction between the caecum and the appendix?

A

Appendiceal orifice

57
Q

Where is mcburney’s point?

A

Third of the way from the right ASIS and the umbilucus

58
Q

Where is the most common position of the appendix?

A

Retrocaecal

59
Q

On which side of the IVC is the abdo aorta?

A

The left side

60
Q

Where does you internal iliac artery supply?

A

Pelvis/peroneum

61
Q

Where does you external iliac supply?

A

Lower limbs

62
Q

What are the three paired branches of the abdo aorta?

A

Adrenal
renal
Gonadal

63
Q

Name the branches of the SMA?

A 
Ileal and jejunal arteries
Appendicular
Ileocolic
Right colic
MIddle colic
Inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery
64
Q

What are the branches of the IMA?

A

Left colic
Sigmoid colic
Superior rectal

65
Q

What is the name of the arterial anastomoses between the SMA and IMA?

A

Marginal artery of drummond

66
Q

Where is the distal half of the anal canal supplied by

A

Internal iliac artery

67
Q

What branches of the internal iliac supply the most distal part of the GI tract?

A

Middle and inferior rectal arteries

68
Q

Where does the distal end of the oesophagus drain?

A

Hepatic portal vien

69
Q

Where does the more superior end of the oesophagus drain?

A

Azygous vein

70
Q

Where does the blood normal flow from the skin around the umbilicaus?

A

Inferior epigastric veins to the IVC

71
Q

Whar opens up in the liver to allow blood to flow through collaterals in portal hypertension?

A

Ligamentum teres

72
Q

What is the name of the pelvic floor muscles?

A

Levator ani

73
Q

When does the sigmoid colon become the rectum?

A

S3 ‘rectosigmoid junction’

74
Q

When does the rectum become the anal canal?

A

Anterior to the tip of the coccyx

75
Q

What is the name of the part of the rectum that’s walls can relax to accomodate faeces?

A

Rectal ampulla

76
Q

Where is the rectal ampulla situated?

A

Just superior to the levator ani

77
Q

What kind of muscle is the levator ani muscle?

A

Skeletal

78
Q

What nerve supplies the levator ani?

A

A branch of the sacral plexus

79
Q

What part of the levator ani is particularly important for maintaining faecal continence?

A

Puborectalis muscle- contraction helps to maintain continence by decreasing the anorectal angle

80
Q

Name the two anal sphincters?

A

External anal sphincter (skeletal)

Internal anal sphincter (smooth

81
Q

Where is the internal anal sphincter?

A

Superior two thirds of the anal canal

82
Q

Where is the external anal sphincter?

A

Inferior two thirds of the anal canal

83
Q

What stimulates contraction of the external anal sphincter?

A

Pudendal nerve

84
Q

When does the voluntary contraction of the external anal sphincter occur?

A

In response to distention of the rectal ampulla (and internal sphincter relaxation)

85
Q

Where do sympathetic nerve fibres leave the sminal cord to innervate the rectum and anal canal?

A

T12-L2

86
Q

What is the combined anterior rami of the pudendal nerve?

A

S2, S3, S4

87
Q

What is the combined rami of the levator ani?

A

S3, S4

88
Q

Where do the the visceral affertn nerve fibres enter the spinal cord at from the rectum/anal canal?

A

Follow the pelvic splanchnic nerves- S2, S3, $

89
Q

From what plexus if the pudendal nerve a branch?

A

Sacral

90
Q

What does the pectinate line indicate?

A

The junction between the part of the GI tract formed by the endoderm and the skin formed by ectoderm

91
Q

What lymoh nodes drain the structures below the pectinate line?

A

Superficial inguinal lymoh nodes

92
Q

What lymoh nodes drain inferior pelvic structures?

A

Internal iliac nodes

93
Q

What lymoh nodes drain lower limb and more superior pelvic structures?

A

External iliac

94
Q

What lymph nodes drain lymoh from the external and internal iliac nodes?

A

Common illiac

95
Q

Where does lymoh from the common illiac lymph nodes drain?

A

Lumbar

96
Q

Where do the superifical inguinal nodes drain?

A

External inguinal nodes

97
Q

What is the name of the spaces on either side of the anal canl?

A

Ischioanal fossa (right and left fossae)

98
Q

What is an infection in the ischioanal fossa called?

A

An ischioanal abscess

Anatomy (7 decks)

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