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GI Cont. Flashcards

1
Q

This is a much deeper peptic ulceration of the stomach wall

-may burrow through the muscular wall

A

Chronic peptic ulceration

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2
Q

What commonly causes Chronic peptic ulceration?

A

-H. Pylori
-NSAIDS
-Aspirin use
(damage the mucosal barrier)

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3
Q

______ junctions of the _______ cell lining of the stomach help prevent acidic stomach contents from damaging the deeper layers of the stomach wall

A
  • Tight junctions

- Epithelial cell lining

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4
Q

What are prostaglandins used for in the stomach?

A
  • Improving local blood flow in the stomach
  • Allows mucus production and bicarbonate secretion
  • This COUNTERBALANCES H+ secretion
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5
Q

What do aspirin and NSAIDS do to prostaglandin synthesis?

A
  • Inhibit arachadonic acid metabolic pathways
  • Decrease prostaglandin synthesis
  • Gastric mucosa=vulnerable
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6
Q

What are 3 ways hemorrhage can present with?

A
  • Melena (black poop)
  • Hematochezia
  • Hematemesis
  • Anemia
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7
Q

Ulcers increase the risk for _______

A

Adenocarcinoma of the stomach

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8
Q

Ulcer=loss of _______

A

mucosa

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9
Q

What does the floor of the ulcer contain

A
  • granulation tissue

- inflammatory debris

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10
Q

Describe the rim of the ulcer

A
  • Erythemateous

- Edematous

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11
Q

What are more likely, duodenal or gastric ulcers?

A

Duodenal ulcers

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12
Q

_______ is a rare disease characterized by a gastrinoma in the pancreas.

A

Zollinger Ellison syndrome

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13
Q

Excessive gastrin causes increased acid production =

A

recurrent ulcers in the stomach

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14
Q

What is the most common form of stomach cancer?

A

-Adenocarcinomas

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15
Q

What are risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the stomach?

A
  • Chronic atrophic gastritis
  • Smoked/pickled foods
  • Nitrate food preserves
  • Low fruit/veggie diets
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16
Q

This is a rare outpocketing of the jejunum

A

Meckel diverticulum

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17
Q

This is failure of the anterior abdominal wall to form and the intestines protrude

A

Gastroschisis

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18
Q

This is a less severe case of gastroschisis with less bowel protruding

A

Omphalocele

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19
Q

This is a very small deficit at the umbilicus

A

Umbilical hernia

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20
Q

This results from localized, genetic absence of the autonomic ganglionic plexus in the colon wall that controls peristalsis

A

Hirschsprung Disease

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21
Q

What effects does Hirschsprung’s disease have on the body

A
  • No peristalsis
  • Impaired fecal movement
  • Poop backs up upstream
  • Overgrowth of bacteria
  • Severe inflammation
22
Q

These are dilated anal varices?

A

-Internal and external hemorrhoids

23
Q

S&S of hemorrhoids

A
  • Bleed regularly
  • Leave bight red blood on stool surface
  • Painful
  • Itchy
24
Q

Who commonly has hemorrhoids?

A
  • Older people
  • Pregnancy (due to increased BV and venous stasis)
  • Portal hypertension
25
This is the twisting of the bowel
-Volvulus
26
Describe the internal and external infarcted bowel
Infarcted bowel is EDEMATOUS | - Internal= extensive hemorrhage in the mucosa and submucosa
27
What happens to the damaged wall?
-Becomes leaky
28
What results from the leaky damaged wall
- Peritonitis | - Septicemia
29
This occurs when C. Difficle overgrows
Pseudomembranous colitis
30
Describe C. Dif
- Gram Positive - Anaerobic - Spore forming bacteria
31
Can C. Dif be part of the normal flora?
Yes
32
What is a major cause of C. Dif infection?
-Broad spectrum antibiotic use | because it kills normal flora
33
Pathogenesis of C. Diif
- Secretes enterotoxin - Binds to epithelium of the colon - Causes an inflammatory response - Produces cellular, purulent exudate - Causes necrosis of colonic mucosa
34
What is the #1 cause of nosocomial diarrhea
C. Dif | -secretes enterotoxin and produces a cellular purulent exudate and causes necrosis
35
This is the poor absorption of fats, electrolytes, minerals, and water
Malabsorption
36
This is malabsorption with fatty stools
Sprue
37
S&S of Malabsorption
- Large, bulky, greasy stools - Excessive bowel gas - Distention
38
Describe luminal malabsorpion
- Happens in the lumen - Usually due to deficiency of pancreatic or liver function - no lipase or defective bile acids
39
What are causes of intestinal malabsorpion
- Surgically shortened bowel - Lack of brush border enzyme - Gluten sensitivity
40
Complications common to sprue
- Anemia (poor B12, iron, or folate) - Bleeding (from decreased vitamin K) - Brittle, weak bones (from decreased Ca and Vitamin D) - Osmotic edema (from decreased proteins)
41
Diverticula have a very _____ wall composed of _____ and ______ only
Thin wall - Mucosa and submucosa only - NO MUSCLE present
42
Where do the mucosa and submucosa extrude through the musclular walls?
-Points where small arteries penetrate from the external surface
43
T/F- Colonic diverticulosis is uncommon in people who eat a traditional diet rich in grains, fruits, and veggies
True
44
Diets with small amounts of non-digestible bulk= more compact feces=
Easier to pass
45
Straining at stool causes...
Increased pressure
46
Stasis=
INFECTION
47
Pathogenesis of a blockage in the lumen
- Blockage - Increase pressure - Decreased blood flow - Ischemia - Infarction - Necrosis - Infection/inflammation
48
What are complications for diverticulosis
- Perforation - Peritonitis - Abcess - Hemorrhage - Fistulas - Stenosis
49
Pathogenesis for appendicitis
- Obstruction of orifice - Distension of lumen - Pressure increases - Stasis and ischemia - Proliferation of bacteria - Necrosis and perforation - Complications
50
What is the most common cause of an abdominal emergency?
Appendicitis
51
S&S of appendicitis
- Periumbilical carmping/pain - Localizes to RLQ - Nausea, vomiting, anorexia - RLQ tenderness= irritated peritoneum --> ilius

Pathophysiology (18 decks)

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