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Veterinary Physiology > GI Control Systems of the Gut > Flashcards

GI Control Systems of the Gut Flashcards

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1
Q

One of the most common problems in small animals

A

Canine gastritis

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2
Q

Equine gastric ulcer

A

Over 75% of the cases (especially race track)
Because they’re competitive and want to run

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3
Q

Margo plicatis

A

Separation between the glandular and nonglandular sides of the stomach

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4
Q

Left displacement of the Abomasum (LDA)

A

The abomasum is normally seen on the right of ruminants stomach, but you can see it on the left side

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5
Q

Right Abomasum displacement

A

Abomasum seen on the top of the stomach

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6
Q

Gastrointestinal Physiology

A

Normal function, not in clinics

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7
Q

Gastroenterology

A

Clinical physiology (seen in clinics)

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8
Q

What does general GI Physiology include?

A

Includes: definition, divisions of the gut, histology of the gut and control systems

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9
Q

Special GI Physiology

A

Includes: motility, secretion, digestion/ absorption, fermentation

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10
Q

GI tract definition

A

A tube-like structure that extends from the mouth to the anus and supplies the body, including itself, with nutrients, water and electrolytes by performing 4 functions, digestions, absorption, secretion and motility

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11
Q

Division of the gut

A

Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
Large Intestine (cecum, colon and rectum)

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12
Q

What are the 4 parts of the gut?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa
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13
Q

Clinical considerations if the serosa

A

It’s apart of the peritoneum
If the tissue is dry —> adhesions —> peritonitis
So during surgery you want to keep it wet and clean

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14
Q

What makes up the muscularis of the gut?

A

Inner circular muscle (thick, toward lumen)
Myenteric muscle
Outer longitudinal muscle (thin, away from lumen)

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15
Q

Submucosa

A

Strong, holding layer
If you don’t suture it’ll lead to intestinal rupture
Includes the submucosal plexus

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16
Q

Mucosa

A

Muscularis mucosa
Lamina propria
Epithelium (secretion of gut from endocrine cells)

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17
Q

What is the foundation of the mucosa level?

A

Lamina propria

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18
Q

What do you do to relieve Esophageal Achalasia?

A

Myotomy/ Myectomy where you cut the muscle to relieve pressure
But in this case don’t cut the submucosa!

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19
Q

What are the systems located within the wall of the GI tract referred to?

A

Intrinsic systems

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20
Q

What are the systems located outside the wall of the GI tract referred to?

A

Extrinsic systems

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21
Q

What is within the intrinsic system?

A

Nerves- Enteric nervous system
Endocrine Secretions -Secretin, Gastrin, CCK, GIP and Motilin

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22
Q

What is within the extrinsic system?

A

Nerves- Vagus and splanchic nerves
Endocrine Secretions -Aldosterone

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23
Q

What are the 2 plexes within the enteric nervous system?

A

Myenteric and Submucosa

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24
Q

Myenteric nerves plexus

A

Auerbach (discoverer)
Between the 2 muscle layers of the GI tract
F: motility

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25
Submucosa nerve plexus
Meissner Lies under or over the submucosa depending on orientation F: control of blood flow and secretions
26
How many neurons are within the ENS?
Over 100 million
27
What is the difference between the enteric and other nerve cells?
Regular neurons fire the neurotransmitter from the end of the axon terminal, while enteric nerve cells neurotransmitter is fired from the whole length of the neuron
28
Within the enteric system, where are the neurotransmitters secreted from?
Varicosities
29
What will make the AP in regular nerves?
When Na+ enters the cell
30
What will make AP in smooth muscle cells?
When Na+ and Ca+ enter the cell
31
Why are channels of enteric neurons slow to open and close?
For the longer duration of AP in the enteric nerves
32
How do you classify enteric nerves?
Morphology (shape) Electrophysiology (properties/ activity) Chemical coding (neurotransmitters present)
33
How is morphology of the enteric system classified?
Dogiel type 1 (small cell body, short multiple dendrites) Dogiel type 2 (large cell body, long terminal 1)
34
Afterhyperpolarization type enteric nerve
Continuous Goes from the stomach to the rectum
35
S type enteric nerve
Synaptic (quick) Within the anal sphincter
36
What neurotransmitters are present in enteric neurons? (chemical coding)
Aborad Direction (inhibitory motor neurons) with vasoactive intestinal peptide and nitric oxide Orad direction (excitatory motor neurons) with substance P and ACh
37
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs)
Triangular cell body with multiple dendrites Generates electrical activity on its own without stimulation
38
When does contraction occur?
When AP (from enteric nerve) meets the plateau phase (Phase 3 of slow waves, ICCS)
39
Slow wave
Resting (0) Rising (1, depolarization and rising ca++) Plateau (3, where contraction takes place) Falling (4, repolarization, falling phase, k+ out) Resting (0)
40
What allows Na++ to enter the smooth muscle cell?
Slows waves from ICCs
41
How does the stomach contract ?
Doesn't need an AP from and enteric neuron, only the plateau phase (slow wave)
42
What does loss of ICCs lead to?
Loss of contraction Intestinal obstruction Motility problems
43
What will an enterectomy do to ICCs
Killing ICCs at the incision point ICCs only affected in recovery time Afterwards the ICCs will regenerate and re-wire
44
What causes intestinal obstruction?
Plasticity (when older animals have trouble contracting gut) Age (because regeneration takes place when young)
45
What are the motility problems?
Chronic intestinal Pseudo-obstruction Stromal Tumors (making ICCs non-functional)
46
Sphincter
Area with continuous contraction unless you need quick relaxation for a short time Ex: bile from duodenum or gall bladder
47
What are the nerves of the extrinic control system?
Vagus and pelvic nerves (parasympathetic)- stimulates gut motility Splanchnic nerve (sympathetic)- inhibits gut motility
48
What are the GI hormones?
Gastrin Cholecystokinin Secretin Gastric Inhibitory Peptide Motilin
49
Where are all the GI hormones secreted from ?
The duodenum (small intestine)
50
What is the only secretion from the stomach?
Gastrin
51
What is the function of gastrin?
Increase gastric secretion
52
Cholecytokinin function
Contract the gall bladder, releases bile into the duodenum, and exocrine pancreatic secretion
53
What is the function of Gastric inhibitory peptide?
Inhibits acid secretion Stimulates insulin secretion
54
What is the function of motilin?
Increased motility
55
What is the stimuli of gastrin?
Protein (meat)
56
What is the stimuli of CCK?
Fat and protein
57
What is the stimuli of secretin
Nature's antacid, depending on what foods will increase acids
58
What is the stimuli of motilin?
Fasting (no food)
59
Which hormones stimulates the gut?
Gastrin, CCK and motilin
60
What inhibits the gut?
Secretin
61
What are the two mechanisms for gastrin secretion?
Acid from the parietal cells by the vagus nerve or Ach/ gastrin stimulation
62
What increases gastric secretion?
G cells
63
What does the increase of gastric acid cause?
Gastric duodenum ulcers
64
What is gastrin important in diagnosing?
Zollinger-ellison syndrome or gastrinoma (duodenum tumor) Non-beta cell pancreatic cancer Duodenal cancer Hypergastrinemia/ Diarrhea/ Hypokalemia/ Steatorrhea (fatty stool)
65
What are the little and big gastrin?
Antrum (G17) and Duodenum (G34)
66
How do you stop gastrin?
1. H2 blocks (histamine receptors) 2. Branch vagotomy (cutting certain vagus nerve branch)
67
Obesity in vet med
Overweight- 56% Obesity- 25% Giving gut hormones will help with weight
68
What does CCK inhibit?
Gastric emptying and food intake (possible anti-obesity medicine
69
What is the term called at the end of the first meal and before the second meal (not eating)?
Intermeal interval
70
Surgical treatments for obesity
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy
71
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
Surgery changing the structure of GI so food can pass quickly for minimal digestion Connects the intestine to the jejunum
72
Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy
Suturing the stomach so it looks like a sleeve Decreasing the size of the stomach
73
Intra-arterial Catheterization
Placing a catheter to the GI tract as closely as you can 1. Aorta 2. Cranial bicentric artery 3. Celiac (artery supplying stomach Giving CCK meds after
74
Reduction of body weight by CCK-8
Loose 1/3 of your weight For heavy people
75
What does secretin inhibit?
Gatric secretion (nature's anti-acid)
76
What does secretin stimulate?
Gastrin secretion during gastrinoma (tumor) Pancreatic Bicarbonate Pancreatic Water Pepsinogen Secretion
77
Migrating Motor Complex (MMC)
Peristaltic movement Phases: 1= silent, 2 and 3= activity front Generated by motilin
78
What activates a parietal cell?
Gastrin and vagus (ECL then parietal)

Veterinary Physiology (20 decks)

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