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Veterinary Physiology > Lipid metaboilism > Flashcards

Lipid metaboilism Flashcards

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1
Q

What are lipids?

A

A group of compounds that are insoluble in water and consists primarily of hydrocarbon chains and rings

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2
Q

What makes lipids hydrophbic?

A

A high proportion of nonpolar C-H bonds

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3
Q

What are the 2 main categories of lipids?

A

Simple and complex lipids

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4
Q

Simple Lipids

A

Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and their esters with alcohols such as glycerol (mono, di or triglycerides)
Fatty Acids

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5
Q

Complex Lipids

A

Contain other residues with the esterified FAs
EX: glycerophopholipids and amphipathic

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6
Q

Glycerophospholipids are ________

A

Amphipathic (both hydophobic and hydrophilic)

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7
Q

Triglycerides

A

Make up the bulk of body lipid
Deposited in the cytoplasm of adipocytes
Composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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8
Q

Fatty Acids

A

Long hydrocarbon chains
Saturated, monosaturated or polysaturated
Metabolic fuels, components of other classes of lipids

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9
Q

What are the function of triglycerides?

A

Main storage of fatty acids and chemical energy
Store twice as much energy as carbs (9 cal/gram of fat)

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10
Q

Fatty Acid chemical makeup

A

CH3(CH2)nCOO-
CH3(CH2)n =hydrophobic
COO-= hydrophilic

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11
Q

When are fatty acids saturated?

A

If hydrocarbon chains are joined by single covalent bonds

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12
Q

When are fatty acids unsaturated?

A

If there are double bonds in the chains

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13
Q

Where are the alpha, y and beta bonds in fatty acids?

A

Numbered from COOH (right end) C2, C3 and C4 are alpha, beta and y carbons

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14
Q

Where are the double bonds in fatty acids?

A

C12 and C9

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15
Q

What do unsaturated fatty acids increase?

A

Membrane fluidity

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16
Q

Where do UFAs predominate over SFAs?

A

In high plant and cold environment residing animals

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17
Q

Where are trans UFAs high in?

A

Partially hydrogenerated vegetable oils
Ex; maragarin (increases transfat deposits in the body

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18
Q

Trans UFAs compared to SFAs?

A

More linear and promote cholesterol absorption from the gut
Associated with hypercholesterolemia

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19
Q

Classification of animal fats

A

usually saturated fats and are solid at room temp

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20
Q

Classification of plant fats

A

Oils that are usually unsaturated and are liquid at room temp

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21
Q

What are the different types of complex lipids

A

Phospholipid, sphingolipids, cholesterol, bile sats

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22
Q

Phospholipid

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A

Source of inositol triphosphate(IP3) and diacylglyceride (DAG) for signal transduction
Contain hydrophilic phosphate group
Lipid part is nonpolar and hydrophobic

23
Q

Sphingolipids

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A

Component of membranes

24
Q

Cholesterol

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A

Component of membrane, precursor of bile salts and steroid hormones

25
Bile salts
Lipid digestion and absorption, main product of cholesterol metabolism
26
What do phospholipids form?
They spontaneously form micelles or lipid bilayers
27
_______ are the basis of biological membranes
Lipid bilayers
28
How do phospholipids act as surfactants?
By reducing surface tension
29
Derived Lipids
Steroid hormones, eisosanoids, vitamins, ketone bodies, prostaglandins
30
Steroid hormones
Intracellular signals that regulate gene expression in target cells
31
Eicosanoids
Regulation of physiological functins
32
Vitamins
Vision, calcium metabolism, antioxidants, blood coagulation
33
ketone bodies
metabolic fuel
34
Prostaglandins
Produced by and active in most tissues
35
How are lipids transported?
In blood bound to lipoproteins
36
Pathways of fatty acid trafficking between tissues in the fasted state
1. Triacylglycerol stored in adipose tissue is mobilized to release nonesterified fatty acids into circulation 2. NEFA are taken up by skeletal muscle and liver 3. They may enter the pathway of B-oxidation or synthesis of TG 4. In the liver they may they may also secrete fatty acids in the form of low density lipoprotein TG 5. Fatty acids may be taken up fro esterfication in adipose tissue and for oxidation or esterification in muscle via the lipoprotein lipase pathway
37
What are the 3 key pathways of lipid metabolism?
Exogenous pathway Endogenous pathway Reverse cholesterol transport
38
Exogenous Pathway
Action of lipoprotein lipase on chylomicrons to form 3 fatty acids
39
Reverse cholesterol transport
Action of high density lipoprotein in collecting peripheral cholesterol
40
The endogenous pathway
Role of lipoprotein lipase in cleaving very low density lipoproteins to form intermediate density lipoproteins, taken up by the liver or lo-density lipoproteins and FFAs
41
Where are fatty acids synthesized
In cytoplasm from and broken down in mitochondria to a common compound acetyl CoA
42
What yield more energy than glucose?
A catabolism of a 6-carbon fatty acid
43
How are fatty acids converted into acetyl groups?
b-oxidation
44
Lipema
Refers to turbid or lactescent appearance of serum or plasma Due to hypertriglyceridemia (>200 mg/dl in dog)
45
Hyperlipidemia
Increased concentrations of lipids (triglycerides, cholesterol or both) in the blood Postprandial (physiological) or pathological Ketone bodies formed in the liver and can be used to generate energy in most aerobic tissues but not by the liver
46
Hepatic Lipidosis (feline fatty liver)
Most frequent cause for severe live failure in cats Often as inappetence Too much mobilization from adipose tissue Up to 50% liver may be replaced by TG
47
What are Ketone bodies?
Small, soluble, freely circulating lipids Result from partial b-oxidation of fatty acid
48
How are Ketone bodies formed?
TGs are broken down and resynthesized in adipose tissue --> If adipose is sufficient acetyl CoA is channeled into alternate pathway --> Converted into KBs
49
What happens to free fatty acids?
Used or energey ot converted in liver to KBs
50
What do high levels of KBs cause?
Ketosis
51
When does Ketoacidosis occur?
When KBs in blood are lower than pH
52
How do horses differ from ruminants?
They possess greater capacity of exporting lipoprotein from hepatocytes And greater hepatic clearance capacity for FFAs Pathway for ketone formation less developed Ketosis is infrequent
53
What are ruminants more prone to than horse?
Fatty live infiltration (steatosis, fatty liver syndrome)

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