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Physiology > GI Motility > Flashcards

GI Motility Flashcards

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1
Q

The nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic innervation to the upper gastrointestinal tract, up to part of the transverse colon.

A

Vagus nerve

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2
Q

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers of the gastrointestinal tract synapse on ganglia on the plexuses, or directly innervate smooth muscle, endocrine or secretory cell

A

Myenteric and Submucosal

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3
Q

The (intrinsic/extrinsic) component of the autonomic nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract is composed of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic division.

A

Extrinsic

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4
Q

The nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic innervation to the lower gastrointestinal tract, from part of the transverse colon to the end.

A

Pelvic Nerve

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5
Q

Postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract can be either cholinergic or .

A

Peptidergic

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6
Q

The gastrointestinal tract is served by four sympathetic ganglia: celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and .

A

Sympathetic Ganglia (GIT)

  • Celiac
  • Superior Mesenteric
  • Inferior Mesenteric
  • Hypogastic
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7
Q

The reflexes occurring in the gastrointestinal tract are termed reflexes when they involve the central nervous system centers.

A

Long

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8
Q

Since the vagus nerve is a mixed nerve, carrying both efferent and afferent fibers, it can trigger reflexes known as reflexes.

A

Vagovagal Reflexes

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9
Q

The reflexes occurring in the gastrointestinal tract are termed reflexes when they are mediated entirely by the enteric nervous system.

A

Short reflexes

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10
Q

The intrinsic or enteric nervous system (can/can not) direct the functions of the gastrointestinal tract in the absence of the extrinsic nervous system.

A

CAN

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11
Q

The (intrinsic/extrinsic) component of the autonomic nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract is called the enteric nervous system.

A

Intrinsic

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12
Q

Peptidergic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract release mediators such as and vasoactive intestinal peptide.

A

Substance P

VIP

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13
Q

The part of the autonomic nervous system contained by the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of the gastrointestinal system is called nervous system

A

Enteric Nervous System

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14
Q

The (primary/secondary) peristaltic wave in the esophagus begins at the site of distension to clear all food.

A

Secondary

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15
Q

The (primary/secondary) peristaltic wave in the esophagus is coordinated by the swallowing reflex.

A

Primary

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16
Q

During rest, the pressure at the lower esophageal sphincter is (higher/lower) than the pressure in the esophagus.

A

Higher

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17
Q

The function of the (upper/lower) esophageal sphincter is to prevent air from entering the esophagus

A

Upper

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18
Q

When standing or sitting, the primary peristaltic contraction in the esophagus is aided by .

A

Gravity

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19
Q

Before the esophageal peristaltic wave reaches the end of the esophagus, the sphincter relaxes reflexively to let food into the stomach.

A

Gastroesophageal sphincter

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20
Q

The (primary/secondary) peristaltic wave in the esophagus is coordinated by the enteric nervous system.

A

Secondary

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21
Q

Intraesophageal pressure is (lower/higher) than abdominal pressure due to the intrathoracic location of the esophagus.

A

LOWER

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22
Q

Intraesophageal pressure is (equal/unequal) to thoracic pressure.

A

EQUAL

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23
Q

The opening of the lower esophageal sphincter is mediated by the neurotransmitter , which is released by the vagus nerve.

A

VIP

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24
Q

The function of the (upper/lower) esophageal sphincter is to prevent acidic chyme from entering the esophagus.

A

Lower

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25
The vasoactive intestinal peptide produces (relaxation/contraction) in the smooth muscle of the lower esophageal sphincter.
Relaxation
26
May occur if the loweresophageal sphincter does not relax during swallowing and food accumulats in the esophagus
Achalasia
27
The contractile rhythm of the stomach’s peristaltic waves is set by the enteric cells.
Pacemaker (Interstitial cells of Cajal)
28
Contractions in the caudad region of the stomach finish mixing the chyme and help propel it into the .
Small Intestine
29
Intrinsic factor is required to absorb vitamin in the ileum.
Vitamin B12
30
Gastrin stimulates parietal cells to secrete hydrogen ions (directly/indirectly) by causing the release of histamine from enterochromaffin-like cells.
Indirectly
31
The vagus nerve innervates the G cells of the stomach by releasing the neurotransmitter peptide.
Gstrin Releasing Peptide
32
Because the wave of contraction in the stomach closes the , much of the chyme that was destined for the duodenum is propelled back to the body of the stomach for further mixing.
Pylorus
33
The orad region of the stomach has a (thinner/thicker) muscle wall than the caudad region of the stomach.
Thinner
34
The antrum of the stomach contains glands that contain G cells and mucous cells.
PYLORIC glands
35
A high concentration of hydrogen ions in the stomach (inhibits/stimulates) gastrin secretion.
Inhibits
36
The muscle layer unique to the stomach is the inner (longitudinal/circular/oblique) layer.
Inner Oblique
37
The stomach receives (extrinsic/intrinsic) innervation through the myenteric and submucosal plexuses.
Intrinsic
38
The myenteric plexus of the stomach receives (parasympathetic/sympathetic) innervating fibers from the vagus nerve.
Parasympathetic
39
The muscular stomach wall has an (outer/inner) longitudinal layer.
Outer longitudinal
40
Isotonic contents empty from the stomach more (quickly/slowly) than hypotonic or hypertonic contents.
Quickly
41
The hydrochloric acid secreted by the parietal cells acidifies stomach contents so that inactive pepsinogen can be converted to active .
Pepsin
42
relaxation is when the orad region of the stomach relaxes due to the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter.
Receptive
43
The thickness of the stomach muscle lining (increases/decreases) as it becomes more distal from the gastroesophageal sphincter.
Increases
44
Receptive relaxation is mediated by vagus nerves acting on enteric nerves that release serotonin and .
NO
45
Chief cells and mucous cells in the stomach secrete the inactive precursor .
Pepsinogen
46
The body of the stomach contains chief cells within oxyntic glands which secrete to digest proteins.
Pepsinogen
47
Somatostatin inhibits hydrochloric acid secretion from parietal cells indirectly by inhibiting the release of and histamine.
Gastrin
48
Sympathetic stimulation (increases/decreases) the frequency of action potentials and the force of contraction in the stomach.
Decreases
49
The major (inhibitory/stimulatory) mechanism for hydrochloric acid secretion by parietal cells is through somatostatin.
Inhibitory
50
Acetylcholine (stimulates/inhibits) gastric parietal cells directly by binding to muscarinic receptors.
Stimulates
51
Acetylcholine stimulates gastric parietal cells indirectly by stimulating cells to release histamine.
Enterochromaffin like cells
52
The stomach receives (extrinsic/intrinsic) innervation through the autonomic nervous system.
Extrinsic
53
Alcohol and caffeine (stimulate/inhibit) gastric hydrochloric acid secretion.
Stimulate
54
Neural and hormonal input to the stomach (does/does not) influence the frequency of slow waves.
does NOT
55
There are three anatomic divisions of the stomach: the fundus, body, and .
fundus body antrum
56
Distension of the stomach wall activates -secreting cells to initiate more vigorous mixing.
Gatsrin secreting cells
57
The presence of fat in the stomach (increases/decreases) gastric emptying time.
Increases
58
The stimuli for hydrochloric acid secretion by the parietal cells in the phase include tasting, smelling, and chewing.
Cephalic phase
59
Gastric motility is (increased/decreased) when the enteric nervous system in the duodenum detects a low pH so that there is adequate time for neutralization.
Decreased
60
Amino acids and small peptides directly stimulate cells in the antrum of the stomach to release gastrin into circulation.
G cells
61
Somatostatin is secreted by cells to bind directly to parietal cells which causes a decrease in hydrochloric acid secretion.
D cells
62
The hydrogen ion that is secreted into the stomach lumen comes from the dissociation of acid in parietal cells.
Carbonic acid
63
The body of the stomach contains parietal cells within oxyntic glands which secrete hydrochloric acid and factor.
Intrinsic Factor
64
Hydrogen ions are secreted out of parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach through a (secondary/primary) active process.
Primary
65
The mucous neck cells within the pyloric glands of the stomach secrete mucus and to neutralize the acidic stomach contents.
Bicarbonate
66
The process of in the stomach forces chyme in the pylorus to be recycled back to the body of the stomach for more mixing.
Retropulsion
67
The stimuli for HCL secretion during the ______ phase include distention of the stomach and presnce of protein products
Gastric phase
68
Gastrin secreted by the G cells in the antrum of the stomach binds to cholecystokinin B receptors on cells to stimulate hydrogen ion secretion.
Parietal
69
The muscular stomach wall has an (outer/inner) longitudinal layer.
OUTER
70
The absorbed into the bloodstream is responsible for the alkaline tide in gastric venous blood after a meal.
Bicarbonate
71
Pepsinogen is only secreted when the hydrogen ion concentration is (high/low) enough that it can be converted to pepsin.
HIGH
72
The G cells within pyloric glands of the stomach secrete gastrin into the (duct/circulation) .
Circulation
73
The stomach can hold large amounts of food without drastically increasing internal pressure due to the plasticity afforded by the mechanism of gastric .
Accomodation
74
Gastrin secreted into the bloodstream reaches parietal cells by a(n) (endocrine/local diffusion) mechanism.
Endocrine
75
Liquids empty from the stomach more (quickly/slowly) than solids.
Quickly
76
A vagovagal reflex that is inititiated by distention of the stomach and abolished by vagotomy
Recetptive Relaxation
77
Participates in the receptive relaxatio by increasing distensibilty of the orad and stomach
CCK
78
This occur at 90 minutes intervals and clear the stomach of residual food
Migrating Myoelectric Complex mediated by MOTILIN

Physiology (98 decks)

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