Vision

Question 1

Ability to BEND light

Answer 1

Refractive Power

measured in DIOPTERS

Question 2

FIXED refractive power

Answer 2

CORNEA

Question 3

VARIABLE refractive power

Answer 3

LENS

Question 4

Focus FAR objects

Answer 4

ciliary muscle: RELAXED
suspensory ligaments: TENSED/TAUT
lens: FLAT

Question 5

Focus NEAR objects (accommodation)
PARAsympathetic
CN III

Answer 5

ciliary muscle: CONTRACTED
suspensory ligaments: RELAXED (decreased tension)
lens: SPHERICAL

Question 6

“Long Eyeball”: light rays converge IN FRONT of the retina

Answer 6

MYOPIA (nearsightedness)

BICONCAVE

Question 7

“Short Eyeball”: light rays converge BEHIND the retina

Answer 7

HYPEROPIA (farsightedness)

CONVEX LENS

Question 8

IRREGULAR/NON UNIFORM CURVATURE OF THE CORNEA: multiple convergences of light in the retina

Answer 8

ASTIGMATISM

CYLINDRICAL LENS

Question 9

Age related loss of accommodation (>40 y/o)

Presents d.t. inability to contract (ciliary body)

Answer 9

PRESBYOPIA

CONVEX LENS (if initially with 20/20 vision)

Question 10

Absorb stray light (PREVENTS LIGHT SCATTERING)

Converts 11-cis retinal to all trans retinal

Involved in MACULAR DEGENERATION, RETINAL DETACHMENT and ALBINISM

Answer 10

Pigment Epithelial cells

Question 11

SENSITIVE to LOW INTENSITY LIGHT (NIGHT VISION)

high concentration in PARAFOVEAL region

Answer 11

RODS

Question 12

SENSITIVE to HIGH INTENSITY LIGHT (DAY,COLOR VISION)

present in FOVEA CENTRALIS (area of most acute vision)

Answer 12

CONES

Question 13

INTERNEURON b/w receptor cells (rods, cones) and ganglion cells

CONTRAST DETECTORS

Answer 13

Bipolar cells

Question 14

Interneurons

Form local circuits w/ bipolar cells

Answer 14

Amacrine, Horizontal cells

Question 15

Maintains INTERNAL GEOMETRY of the retina

Answer 15

Muller cells

Question 16

OUTPUT cell of the retina

Axons form OPTICC NERVE

Answer 16

GANGLION cells

P cells: color, form, fine details

M cells: illumination, movement

W cells: unknown function

Question 17

Lesion in the optic nerve

Answer 17

Total loss of vision in the affected eye

Question 18

Lesion in the optic chiasm (midline)

Answer 18

heteronymous bitemporal hemianopia

Question 19

Lesion in the optic tract

Answer 19

contralateral homonymous hemianopia

Question 20

Lesion in the temporal lobe (Meyers loop)

Answer 20

superior left homonymous quadrantonopia (pie in the sky)

Question 21

Lesion in the parietal lobe (right)

Answer 21

inferior left homonymous quadrantonopia (pie in the floor disorder)

Question 22

Homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing involve

Answer 22

CALCRINE FISSURE

Question 23

Cutting which structure causes total blindness in the left eye

Answer 23

Optic nerve

Question 24

Cutting which structure causes blindness in the temporal fields of the left and right eyes

Answer 24

Optic chiasm

Question 25

Cutting which structure on the right side causes blindness in the temporal field of the left eye and the nasal field of the right eye

Answer 25

Optic tract

Question 26

Area in the retina with no light sensitive rods or cones No image detection Where the ganglion cells axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve

Answer 26

Optic Dic (Blind spot)

Question 27

3 cells types in the visual cortex that detect shape and orientation of figures

Answer 27

Simple cells Complex cells Hypercomplex

Question 28

Have center surround and on-off patterns, elongated rods Respond to BARS OF LIGHT with correct position and orientation

Answer 28

Simple cells

Question 29

Respond to MOVING BARS or EDGES of LIGHT

Answer 29

Complex cells

Question 30

Respond to LINES with PARTICULAR LENGTH and to CURVES/ANGLES

Answer 30

Hypercomplex

Question 31

Have center surround and on-off patterns Respond to BARS OF LIGHT with correct position and orientation

Answer 31

Simple Cells

Question 32

Respond to MOVING BARS or EDGES OF LIGHT

Answer 32

Complex Cells

Question 33

Respond to LINES with PARTICULAR LENGTH and to CURVES/ANGLES

Answer 33

Hypercomplex

Question 34

Location of Blind Spot

Answer 34

12-15 degrees temporally | 1.5 degrees below horizontal meridian